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Rulers of the World. 



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[copyright 1889.] 




FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED, WITH APPENDIX 

GIVING THE CABINETS AND POLITICAL 

PARTIES OF EURORE. 



CHICAGO : 
School Her.ald Publishing Co., 

1889. 



^ 






Rulers of the World 



KINGS, PRINCES AND STATESMEN OF OUR 
TIME. 



EUROPE. 

1. How many and what are the states of Europe? 
Eighteen — not counting minor and dependent states 

Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, 
Great Britain and Ireland, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, 
Netherlands, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain, 
Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and Bulgaria. 

2. What is Austria-Hungary? Sec. ^o^ 

A bipartite state, consisting of the Austrian empire 
and the Hungarian kingdom. Each state has its sepa- 
rate government, and the two are united only in the per- 
son of the monarch, and in a joint parliament and min- 
istry, the two latter having a orescribed sphere of legis- 
lation and administration. 

3. Who is monarch of this state? 

Franz Josef I, of the house of Habsburg-Loraine. He 
was bornin 1830; succeeded his uncle Ferdinand in 1848. 
Married in 1854, Elizabeth, daughter of Duke Maxi- 
milian of Bavaria. 

Heir Apparent. — Archduke Carl l^udwig, the emperor's 
brother, born in 1833, and now a field marshal in the Austrian 
army. 

4. What gives Austria prominence just now ? 

Her pronounced opposition to Russia in the Balkan 

♦References here and elsewhere are to Section of "Civil Govern- 
ment in Theory and Practice " : or to Volua :e and Page of the School 
herald. 



ro RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

states. The position taken by Austria-Hungary, that 
no power can be permitted to establish a protectorate 
over the Danube states, has been, no doubt, most potent 
in checking Russian aggression. Koloman Tisza, also, 




FRANZ JOSEPH I. 
Emperor of Austria and Kixg of Hungary. 
has been largely instrumental in excluding Austria from 
Russian influence. 

5. Who is Koloman Tisza.? 
_ Prime minister of Hungary; this office he has held 
since Feb. 25, 1877. 

6. Who is prime minister of Austria.? 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. ii 

Count Edward Taafe, appointed to the office, Aug. 19 
1879. 

7. Who is foreign minister of Austria-Hungary? 

Count G. Kalnoky de Korospatak; appointed Nov. 
21. 1881. 




KOLOMAN TISZA. 
Prime Minister of Hungary. 
8. What is the government of Belgium ? Sec. 95. 
A constitutional monarchy, governed by a king and a 



Austria-Hungary.— Population, (1885), 41,056,206 ;army, peace foot- 
ing. 284.000; war footing-, 1,095,833; navy, 40 vessels, of which but 11 
are iron-clad . Finances are in a bad Avay, as there is a chronic deficit 
of some $20,000,003 in the annual budget, and the national debt is 

$2,262,281,860. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



parliament of two houses, both houses elected by pop- 
ular suffrage. 

9. Who is King of the Belgians ? 

Leopold 11, son of Leopold I, the father being before 
his election to the throne of Belgium, a prince of the 
house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Leopold II was born in 




LEOPOLD II. 

King of the Belgians. 
1836; was married in 1853, to Marie Henriette, daugh- 
ter of Archduke Joseph of Austria. 

Heir Apparent. — The king has three daughters but no sons. 
The royal succession is in the direct line of heirs male, in the 
order of primogeniture. The king's eldest brother is Philippe, 
Count of Flanders. 

10. What are the chief issues in Belgian politics .? 
The control of the public schools and the suppression 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 13 

of socialistic agitation. There are two principal parties, 
the Clericals and Liberals, and elections have turned, 
for several years, on the policy of teaching rehgious 
doctrine in the schools. The Catholic party has been 
in power since 1884. There has been much trouble 
with the labor question, too, as the wage-workers in many 
districts are infected with socialistic doctrines 

11. How is Denmark governed ? Sec. 108. 

By a king and parliament under a liberal constitution. 

12. Is the government therefore liberal ? 

No; the government is reactionary, not to say tyran- 
nica.1. The present prime minister, with the approval 
of the king, has wrested the constitution far away from 
its rational interpjetation, and carries on the govern- 
ment in defiance of the majority in the lower house of 
parliament. 

13. Who is King of Denmark ? V. VI, p. 159. 
Christian IX, a man 71 years of age, the fourth son 

of the duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucks- 
burg. Succeeded to the throne in 1863, under the trea- 
ty of London of 1852 and the Danish law of succession 
of 1853. Married Louise, daughter of the landgrave of 
Hesse-Cassel, in 1842. 

Heir Apparent. — Prince Frederik, born in 1843; married 
in 1S69, a daughter of the king of Sweden and Norway. 

14. Who is prime minister of Denmark ,? 

Jacob B roennum Scavenius Estrup, appointed in 1875 

15. What is the government of France? Sec. 57. 

A republic. The legislative power is vested in a 
congress of two houses, and the executive in a president 
elected for a term of seven years, by the congress. In 
practice both powers are exercised by the ministry, 
which exists subject to the will of the majority in the 
chamber of deputies. 

Belgium.— Population (1887), 5,974,743 ; military streng-th on war 
footing 103,883, excluding civic guards; no navy; financially sound; 
public debt, $436,177,700 ; 



H 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



i6. Who is president of France? V. V, p. 198. 
M. Sadi Carnot, who was elected to that office Dec. 
3, 1887, ii"^ place of M. Grevy, resigned. 

17, What is notable in the history of ministerial gov- 
ernment under the French republic ? 




CHRISTIAN IX. 
King of Denmark. 



The frequent changes in the ministry, showing the 



Drxm VRK.- Population, (I8SS), 2,130,000 ; army, on war tooting, 50,522 
men ; navy, 4t steam vessels, mounting 252 guns. Delicit in last year s 
budget, $1,537,365 ; national debt, ^i3,655 310. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 15 

'fickleness of the majority in the chamber of deputies. 

18, Who is prime minister? 

Pierre Paul Tirard,who succeeded M. Floquet Feb. 21, 
1889. M.Tirard is a prominent member of the Moder- 
ate Republican party. He has a large private fortune 




PRESIDENT C A R NOT. 

acquired in business. As minister of finance in M. 
Ferry's cabinet, he effected a skillful refunding of the 
public debt. He was premier for three months in 1888. 

19. What are the main questions in French politics? 

The placating of the Radical, or semi-socialistic ele. 



i6 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



ment, which threatens by its attacks on parliamentary 
government to play into the hands of the party that de- 
sires to restore the monarchy. 

20. Who has been the leader of the dissatisfied ele- 
ment ? 




M. TIRARD, 

Prime INIinister of France. 

Gen. Boulanger, a military adventurer, who has won 
popular favor by identifying himself with the desire for 
revenge against Germany. 

21. Give the main points of Gen. Boulanger's career. 

He came into prominence as minister of war in 1 886.7 . 



RULERS OF THE WORLD, 17 

His ministry being overthrown, he resigned his commis- 
sion in the army and planned to secure a plebiscite in 
his favor. Thwarted in this, and assailed through the 
patriotic league, he left the country. Should he return 
his possibilities for mischief are great, and should a rev- 



GEN. BOULANGER. 

olution be thus brought about the Moderates may com- 
bine with the Royalists and recall the Count of Paris. 

22. Who is the Count of Paris? V. VI, p. ^d. 

He is the grandson of King Louis Philippe of France. 
He was born in 1838. By the death of the Comte de 

Fkance.— Population (1886), 37,885,905. Army, in peace, 523,833, in 
war, 3,750,000 men Including all reserves. Navy, (1888), 388 vessels, of 
which 72 are iron clad. ExpendiUires are fully equal to revenue, and 
the national debt, lundcd aiid healing, is $5,426,861,860. 



1 8 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

Chambord in 1883 he became heir to the claims of the 
elder as well as the younger branch of the Bourbon 
family. 

23. What is the government of Germany? Sec. 46. 




LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT D 'ORLEANS 
Count of Paris. 

A federation or empire of twenty-two monarchical and 
three republican states- The central power consists of 
three factors — the presidency, which is vested in the 
German Emperor, the federal council (bundesrath) and 
the federal parHament' (reichstag). 

24. Who is the German Emperor? 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. tq 

William II, of the house of HohenzoUern, son of Em- 
peror Frederick III and Empress Victoria, princess 
royal of Great Britain. The old emperor,William I , died 
March 9, 1888, at the age of 91 years. He was succeed- 
ed by his son Frederick William, who at the time wa? 
suffering from an incurable disease, cancer of the throat. 




WILLIAM II, 
German Emperor and King of Prussia. 

By custom,the emperor's condition would have debarred 
his succession, but he assumed the rule of the empire, 
and even attempted to bring about reforms in the Prus- 
sian kingdom. After a brief reign of ninety-seven days, 
Frederick died June 15, 1888. 



20 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

25. Who is chancellor of the empire? 

Prince Otto von Bismark-Schonhausen. Prince Bis- 
marck was made prime m.inister of Prussia in 1862, 
chancellor of the North German Confederation in 1867, 
and chancellor of the empire in 1871, when the empire 
took the place of the confederation. 




THE LATE EMPEROR FREDERICK III, 

26. Why is Bismarck famous? 

The unification of Germany, and the political great- 
ness of Prussia and the empire of which she is the head, 
are ascribed to the sagacity and statesmanship of Bis- 
marck. Ht: is supposed to guide the foreign policy of 
the empire, and at the same time administer the domes- 



RULERS- OF THE WORLD. 



21 



tic affairs of state with vigilance and foresight. 

27, How many and what are the component states of 
the empire? 

Twenty-five — not including the imperial province of 
Alsace-Lorraine, There are four kingdoms, six grand 




PRINCE BISMARCK. 

duchies, five duchies, seven principalities, and three free 
towns. 



States of the German Empire: — 

PRUSSIA— King-, Wilhelm II. Members in the federal council 
(showing- importance in the empire), 17. Sec. 171. 

BAVARIA.— King, Otto. Ileg-ent, Prince Luitpold. Councillors, 6. 
Sec. 173. 

WURTEMBERG.— King-. Karl I. Councillors, 4. Sec. 173. 

SAXONY.— King-, Albert I. Councillors, 4. Sec. 174. 

BADEN.— Granrl duko, rnedrich I. Councillors, 3 Sec. 175. 

MECKLENBERG-SCHWERIN. -Grand duke, Friedrich Franz III. 
Councillors, 2. Sec. 176. 



22 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

28. What IS the present policy of the imperial govern- 
ment ? 

For the past ten years it has been the policy of the 
German empire to concern itself entirely with domestic 
and colonial affairs, ignoring, as far as may be, the 
schemes of other European nations. Even the promo- 
tion of colonies was neglected until within the last two 
or three years. 

29. What is the domestic policy of the government? 
To enlarge the sphere of its powers, to discourage the 

growth of liberal or democratic opinions, and to make 
the administration, as far as possible, independent of the 
popular will. At the outset, Chancellor Bismarck sought 
and received the support of the German Liberals, but 
after the formation of the empire, he broke with them 
and pursued a contrary policy. This change of course 
is especially noticeable in the history of the Prussian 
"Kulturkampf." 

30. What was this ''Kulturkampf'.? V. VI, p. 28. 
The contest between the Prussian government and 

Roman Catholic church over the direction of education- 
al and ecclesiastical affairs. The contest was begun 
by the state fifteen years or more ago, and was pursued 

HE-^SE.— Grand duke, Lvidwig- IV. Councillors, 3. Sec. 177. 

OLDENBEllG.— Grand duke, Peter I Councl'lors, 1. Sec. 178. 

SAXE-WEIMAR.— Grand duke, Karl Alexander. Councillors, 1. 
See. IHO. 

MECF<:LENBERG-STRELITZ.— Grand duke, Friedrich Wilhelra I. 
Councillors,!. Sec. 170. 

BKLTNSWKnv.— (Throne vacant). Councillors, 3. Sec. 179. 

SAXE MEININ(j!EN.— Duke, Georg'lT. Councillors, 1. Sec. 180, 

ANHALT.— Duke, Friedrich. Councillors 1. Sec. 183. 

SAXE-COBURG GOTHA.— Duke, Ernst II. Councillors, 1. Sec. 
181. 

SAXE-ALTENBURG.— Duke, Ernst. Councillors. 1 . Sec. 180, 

WALDECK .—Prince, Georg- Victor. Councillors, 1. Sec. 184. 

LIPPE.— Prince. Walderaar. Councillors, 1. S^c. 184. 

SCHVVARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT.— Prince, Georg. Councillors, 
1. Sec. 186. 

SCHWARZBURG-SONDERHAUSEN.— Prince, Karl II. Council- 
lors. 1. Sec. 186. 

REUSS-SCHLEIZ.— Prince, Heinrich XIV. Councillors, 1. Sec. 187. 

SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE.— Prince, Adolf. Councillors,!. Sec. 185. 

REUSS-GRETZ.— Prince, Heinrich XXll. Councillors, 1. Sec. 187. 

HAMBURG. LITBECK AND BREMEN.— Free towns, g-overned by 
their own representatives. Each is entitled to a representative in 
the federal council. Sees. 188-191. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



23 



with ardor, but was afterward allowed to decline and 
was finally abandoned in 1886, the government restor- 
ing its diplomatic intercourse with the Vatican and re- 
pealing laws calculated to hamper or offend the church. 




VICTORIA I. 

Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empress 

OF India. 

31. What change occurred in Germany's commercial 
policy? 



German Empire.— Population (1885) 46,840,587. Army, peace foot- 
ing-, 408,409 men and 21,238 officers; war footing-, 1,456,677 men and 
35,427 officers. Navy, 90 steam vessels, with 555 g-uns, including- 37 
iron clads, and 16,500 men. Financial standing-, g-ood. National debt, 

$98,760,000. 



24 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

A change in the direction of the protection of home 
industries by the imposition of high tariff duties on im- 
ports. 

32. What is the government of Great Britain and 
Ireland? Sec. 59. 




ALBERT EDWARD. 

Prince of Wales. 



A constitutional monarchy. The supreme legislative 
power resides in a parliament of two houses, the house 
of commons, elected by popular suffrage, and the house 
of peers, consisting of members by hereditary right, by 
appointment or by election. In practice, almost all the 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



^S 



legislative power, as well as the executive power trad- 
itionally resident in the sovereign, is exercised by the 
ministry, which exists subject to the pleasure of the 
majority in the house of commons. 

33. Who is sovereign of Great Britain? 




THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. 
Prime Minister of England. 

Victoria I, of the house of Hanover. She is the 
daughter of Edward, the fourth son of George III. She 
was born in 18 19; succeeded her uncle, William IV, in 
1837; was married in 1840,10 Prince Albert of Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha. 



26 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

Heir Apparent. — Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. Born 
in 1841, and now a society man of some reputation. Married, 
in 1863, the Princess Alexandra, daughter of the king of Den- 
mark. 





WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE. 
34. Who is prime minister of the United Kingdom.? 
Robert A. T. G. Cecil, Marquis of Salisbury, the lead- 
er of the Conservative party. Salisbury took office in 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



27 



July, 1886, the Liberal party having just been defeated 
in a general election. He had once before held the 
premiership, but only for a few months, from June, 1885, 
to January, 1886. Under Beaconsfield he was foreign 
secretary. He is thought none too scrupulous in his 
political methods, and as a statesman does not rank 
very high. 




CHARLES STEWART PARNELL. 

35. Who is the leader of the opposition.? 

Hon. W. E. Gladstone, for nearly twenty years the 
leader of the English Liberals. The Liberal party is at 
present divided, and as Mr. Gladstone is an old man 
(born Dec. 29, 1809) his return to power cannot be 
counted upon. But though his political career should 
end tomorrow, it is already sufficient to render him a 
marked man in history. As to his rank as a statesman, 



28 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



there is a wide difference of opinion, but all admit his 
ability as a political leader, and of his earnestness and 
sincerity there can be but little doubt. 

36. What causes the division in the Liberal party? 

V. VI. pp. 45, 52. 




JOSEPH CHAMBERLA 

The proposal — brought forward by Gladstone in the 
spring of i886— to establish an Irish parliament at Dub- 
lin for the control of Irish affiairs. This measure was 
rejected by the house of commons, as many Liberal 
members voted against it. Parliament was dissolved, 
and in the election which followed the dissenting Lib- 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



29 



erals opposed Gladstone and his followers, urging the 
preservation of the parliamentary union with Ireland. 

37. What was the result of the election? 

The utter rejection of the Gladstonian Irish policy by 
the people of England, the new parliament standing: 




SIR WILLIAM VERNON HARCOURT, 

Liberal Unionist Leader. 

Conservative, 318; Gladstonian, 192 ; Unionist Liberals 
75 ; Parnelhtes, or Irish Home Rulers, 85. 

2i^. Who is head of the Irish Home Rule party ? 

Charles Stewart Parnell. Though comparatively a 
young man (born in 1846) he has been since 1877 the 
leader of the Irish Home Rule party. Is called on ac- 



30 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



count of his influence with his countrymen, the "Un- 
crowned King of Ireland." 

39. How is Irish home rule connected with the land 
question? 

It is understood that any Irish parliament will favor 




HON. GEORGE J. GOSCHEN, 

Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
the claim of the Irish tenant to the possession of his 
holding, and either force the landlords to accept less 
rent or dispossess them altogether. For this reason, 
Gladstone proposed that the government of the United 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 31 

Kingdom buy out the landlords and resell the land to 
the tenants. 

40. What was the effect of this proposal? 

It did not lessen the hostility of the landed gentry, 
but it excited the opposition of the English Radicals 
and strengthened the Liberal Unionists. 

41. Who is leader of the English Radicals? 
Joseph Chamberlain, M. P. Mr. Chamberlain has 

held the offices of president of the board of trade and 
chairman of the local government board in the Liberal 
ministry, resigning the latter to oppose the Irish home 
rule bill. His parliamentary career has been short and 
not altogether brilliant, but he is the spokesman of his 
faction and as such becomes its leader. 

42. How has the Conservative party dealt with the 
Irish question? 

They have brought forward a land bill by which the 
rents, fixed under the act of 1 881, may be further lowered 
by the courts in proportion to the fall in the price of 
agricultural products, and government aid is also given 
to persons desiring to buy their land. The Irish Na- 
tionalists, however, are not satisfied with the bill and 
the policy of the Conservative party in dealing rigor- 
ously with agrarian crimes, is condemned in unmeasur- 
ed terms. Under Mr. Balfour, the secretary for Ireland, 
crime has been greatly lessened, and the average pros- 
perity has increased, but much discontent still prevails. 

43. Beside the Radicals, who compose the Unionist 
Liberals? 

Certain Whig-Liberals, led by the Marquis of Hart- 
ington and Mr, Geo. Goschen. This group stands be- 
tween the Conservatives and the Gladstonians, voting 
sometimes with the one and sometimes with the other. 

44. Who is the Conservative leader in the house of 
commons? * 

Not (as might be expected) the prime minister, but 



32 



RULERS OF THE WORLD, 



the chancellor of the exchequer, Geo. J. Goschen,who is 
ex officio, the party spokesman, though he is not by- 
rights a Conservative but a Liberal Unionist. The lead- 
ing Conservative in the house is Wm. H. Smith, now- 
first lord of the treasury. 




is 



EARL SPENCER 
Gladstone's lieutenant 



in the Liberal 



45. Who 
party ? 

Since the defection of the Marquis of Hartington, the 
lieutenancy is divided between Sir William Vernon 
Harcourt and Earl Spencer. (There are other conspic- 
uous Liberals, such as H. C. E. Childers, Lord Rose- 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 33 

bery and Mr. John Morley, who may come to the front 
should Gladstone retire.) 

46. Who is Sir WiUiam Harcourt ? 

Harcourt is a man of about sixty years, who has been 
in parHament for eighteen years and in the Liberal cab- 
inet since 1880. Pie is a "useful" man and a devoted 
follower of his chief. 

47. Who is Earl Spencer.? 

John Poyntz Spencer, eldest son of the fourth earl of 
the name, was born in 1835. Has served as lord lieu- 
tenant of Ireland in 1868-74 and 1885-6, and as lord 
president of the council in 1880-85. 

48. What is the government of Greece r Sec. 112. 

A monarchy of strictly defined powers. The exec- 
utive power is vested in the kine and the legislative au- 
thority in the parliament of one chamber. In practice 
a responsible ministry carries on the government. 

49. Who is king of Greece? 

George I, the second son of the present king of Den- 
mark. Born in 1845, he was elected king of Greece in 
1863, when but 18 years of age. Was married, four 
years later, to Olga, niece of the Czar Alexander II of 
Russia. 

Heir Apparent — Prince Konstantinos, Duke of Sparta, 
eldest son of the king, born in 1868. 

50. Who is prime minister of Greece } 

M. Tricoupis, the leader of the conservative party, 
who succeeded M. Delyannis after the general election 
early in 1886. The premier is an old man, long versed 
in affairs of state. 

51. What are the relations between Greece and the 
Turkish government.? 

The relations between Greece and Turkey are never 



Great Britain.— Population (1881) 37,643,000 Army (1883) 181,971 
men and 7,199 officers, besides 136.778 militia and 102.810 volunteers. 
Navy, 283 vessels, 62 ironclads. Public debt, (1885) $3,530,000,000. 



34 



RULER::* OF THE WORLD. 



pleasant, as centuries of Turkish oppression rankle in the 

memories of the Greeks. Since the difficulty in i886,how- 

ever, matters have been quiet between the two countries 

52. Why did Greece wish to attack Turkey? v.vi,p.i3. 

To secure possession of the territory awarded her b> 




GE ORGE I. 

King of Greece. 

the Berlin conference of 1880. Greece had demanded 
her ancient provinces of Thessaly and Epirus, and the 
conference — called under the Berlin treaty — awarded 
her most of her claim. Turkey refused to evacuate the 
provinces, and the Constantinople conference of 1881 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



35 



reduced the award, leaving most of Epirus still subject 
to the Turk. Greece submitted under protest and, after 
the Bulgarian union of 1885, declared her intention of 
forcibly occupying the disputed territory. 

53, How was she forced to desist? 

The European powers, (except France and Denmark) 
joined in a command that she disband her forces, and 




Bonndary of 1832. 
"•— •- -Adopted by the Berlin Conference of 1880. 

Boundaries proposed by Greece and Turkey. 

«,»«i„ .Settled by Constantinople Conference of 1881. 



THE GRECIAN BOUNDARIES. 

sent their fleets to blockade her ports and compel her 
obedience. 

54. How is Italy governed .? Sec, no. 

By a king and parliament, theoretically sharing the 



Greece.— Population (1879) 1,979,453. Army, 35,000 men; navy, 16 
vessels— 4 iron-clad— with 2,637 men. Revenue, $16,173,910; expend- 
tture, $15,898,135; public debt, (1889) $113,329,000. 



36 RULERS OF THE V/ORLD. 

legislative power, which they exercise by and through a 
responsible ministry. The parliament consists of two 
chambers — a chamber of deputies elected by the people 
under a tax-paying qualification, and a senate appointed 
for life by the crown. 




HUMBERT I, 

King of Italy. 

55. Who is king of Italy? 

Humbert I. who succeeded his father, Victor Emanuel 
Jan. 9, 1878. Humbert was born in 1844; married in 
1868, to Margarita, the daughter of the duke of Genoa. 

Heir Apparent.— Victor Emanuel, prince of Naples, born 
in 1869. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD, 



37 



56. Who is prime minister of Italy? 

Signor Francesco Crispi, who has been in the minis- 
try since 1886, becoming premier July 26, 1887, after 
the death of Agostino Depretis. He is a radical leader 
but is warmly supported by the moderate Liberals. 




POPE LEO XIII. 

57. What are the relations between the Italian gov- 
ernment and the Vatican? 

The church of Rome— called the Vatican Irom the 
name of the papal residence — has never condoned the 
forcible annexation, in 1870, of the papal states to the 
Italian Kingdom. Hence the relations between the 



38 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

pope and the government are not altogether friendly 
Roman Catholicism is, however, the established church 
in Italy, and the pope is recognized as its supreme spir- 
itual head. He is also, though deprived of temporal 
power, considered as possessed of his "former dignities 
as a reigning prince,'' and as such maintains diplomatic 
relations with most European states. 

58. How is the pope chosen.? 

He is elected (for life, of course) by the college of 
cardinals. The sacred college contains about seventy 
cardinals, including bishops, priests and deacons. 

59. Who is the present supreme pontiff.? 

The present pontiff or pope, is Leo XHI, elected Feb. 
21, 1878. He was born in 1810, the son of Luigi Pecci 
educated for the priesthood, which he joined in 1837; 
was made bishop in 1843 and cardinal ten years later' 

60. What is the government of Montenegro? Sec. 119. 
A patriarchal despotism. All power centers in, and 

emanates from, the person of the hospodar or prince. 

61. Who is prince of Montenegro.? 

Nicholas I, born in 1848, and succeeded his uncle, 
Danilo I, in i860. 

62. What is the government of Holland or the Neth- 
erlands.? Sec. 105. 

A monarchy of limited powers, the chief authority be- 
ing vested in the states general, an assembly of two 
houses. The upper house is chosen (with a property 
qualification), by the provincial councils. The lower 
house is elected by the people. 

(>2i' Who is king of the Netherlands.? 



Italy.— Population (1885), 29,699,781. Army, peace footing, 170,000 
men ; permanent army, 750,765, war tooting, 2,400,000 men. Navy 72 
war vessels witii 2o iron clads, several of these among the most powerful 
made. Revenue (1888) $324,115,000 ; expenditure $3;]1,736,000 ; debt, in- 
cluding interest, $2,356,500,000. 

MoNTENEGHC— Population, "45,380. No army in peace, but in war 
every man over 17 enrolled, giving a force of about 28,000 men. Debt, 
$850,000. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



39 



Willem III, born in 1817, the son of Willem II, whom 
he succeeded in 1849. Married in 1839, the daughter 
of the king of Wurtemburg. This wife dying in 1877, 
he was married a second time, in 1879, to the Princess 
Emma, daughter of the prince of Waldeck. 




PRINCESS WILHELMINA. 

Heir Apparent. — -Princess Wilhehnina, offspring of sec- 
ond marriage, born Aug. 31, 1880. 

64. Who is prime minister of Holland ? 



Netherlands.— Population (IS86), 4,390,857; army, war footing, 
62 684 men and 2,326 officers ; navy, 120 men of war, 24 of them iron clads. 
Revenue (.1888), $48,426,900 ; expenditure, $49,295,140 ; debt, $452,437,600. 



40 RULERS OF TME WORLD. 

Baron A. E. Mackay, also minister of the interior. 
Appointed in 1888. 
65. How is Portugal governed? Sec. loi. 
By a king and parliament under a constitution. The 



PRINCE CARLOS, 
Duke of Braganza and Crown Prince of Portugal. 

parliament is in two houses, a chamber of deputies and 
a house of peers. 

66. Who is king of Portugal ? 

Luis I, son of Queen Maria II, and of Prince Ferdi- 
nand of Saxe-Coburg. Born in 1838 and succeeded his 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



V 

862 



brother, King Pedro V, ia i86r. Was married in 
to a daughter of King Victor Emanuel of Italy. 

Heir Apparent.— Prince Carlos, Duke of Braganza. This 
prince is the king's eldest son, a man of 26, recently married 
to the daughter of the Count of Paris. 




CHARLES I. 
King of Roumania. 

67. Who is prime minister of Portugal ? 
Senhor Lucianna de Castro. 



Portugal.— Population (1881). 4,306,554. Army, 33,750 men and 1,583 
officers. Navy, 39 ships, many scarcely sea worthy. Revenue (1885), 
$34,265,780; expenditure, $35,172,660; debt, (1884) $400,000,000. 



42 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

dZ. How is Roumania governed ? Sec. 1 1 6. 

The constitution vests the legislative authority in a 
parliament of two houses, and the executive power in 
the king with the limitation that all royal acts must be 
sanctioned by a responsible ministry. Both houses of 
parliament are elected by the people. 

69. Who is king of Roumania.^ 

Charles I, elected prince by the National Assembly 
in 1866; proclaimed king in 1881. He was born in 1839, 
the son of Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen- 
He succeeded Prince Alexander John I, who had been 
deposed by a revolution. Was married in 1869, to Prin- 
cess Elizabeth von Neuwied. 

Heir Prksumptive. — Ferdinand,(nephew) of HohenzoUern' 

70. What is the government of Russia.^ Sec. 121, 
An autocracy, based upon the doctrine of the abso- 
lute supremacy of the emperor of all the Russias. In 
making conquests, the autocrat of Russia has assumed 
the sovereign title peculiar to each conquered province, 
but has wholly abolished all constitutions, so far as they 
may be made the basis of political rights. Institutions 
of local government are tolerated, subject to the will ot 
his imperial majesty. 

71. Who is emperor of Russia? 

Alexander HI. Was born in 1845 ; married in 1866' 
to Maria Dagmar, daughter of the king of Denmark ; as- 
cended the throne after the assassination of his father, 
March 13, 1881. The present czar is represented " as 
self-willed, with a taste for political affairs, and his per- 
sonal influence is more extended than that of his father. 
In character he resembles his grandfather, the Emper- 
or Nicholas. 

Heir Apparent. — Grand-duke Nicholas, the czar's eldest 
son, born in 1868. 



Roumania.— Population (estimated) 5,376,000; army (peace footing), 
18,533; (war footing), 150,000. No surplus in the budget, and the debt 
is something over one hundred and tifty millions. 



RULERS OF THE WORE D. 43 

72. Who is prime minister of Russia? 

There is no premier in the Russian ministry, the mem- 
bers of the cabinet being (as in the United States) in- 
dividually and not collectively responsible. From time 
to time some minister rises 10 prominence, in the opin- 
ion of the pre s correspondents, and (perhaps) in the 
esteem of the czar, whose will the minister does not pre- 
sume to question. Just at present, the head of the for- 




ALEXANDER III. 

Emperor of all the Russias. 
eign office is (next to his imperial master) the promi- 
nent figure in the government. 

73. Who is the minister of foreign affairs ? 



44 RULERS OF THE WOULD. 

M. de Giers, who suoceeded Prince Gortschakoff fouf 
years ago. He comes of a Swedish-Finn family of 
Jewish extraction, and has not the social prestige of 
his predecessor. But he has spent the best part of 
his life in the foreign office, and the czar seems to have 




NICHOLAS DE GIERS. 
Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs. 



I.— Population, (1883j, (including- Siberia) 104,001,800; army 
)Otin8-), 780,081; (war footing), ,2300.000; navy, 385 steamships. 



Russia. 

(peace footing-), 

of which ;:0 are ironolads. Russia is deeply In debt,"but exact amount 
is not known, interest Ijearing- part is #3,082.500,000 •, interest amount- 
ing to $143,3K!t,fi25 annually. Amount of revenue, called for by bude-et 
of 1884, is $628,417,190. ^ ^ 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 45 

every confidence in him. It is reported that he has 
neither the ability nor the power exercised by Prince 
Gortschakoff, but this report comes from persons not al- 
together friendly to the minister they decry. 

74. How is the foreign office brought into prominence ^ 
Through the efforts of the government to extend its 

territory. This has brought it into collision with the 
interests of other European powers, and diplomacy is 
neces:ary to satisfy the offended governments and avoid 
war. Russian encroachment on the territory and rights 
of Afghanistan, Turkey and Bulgaria are the chief 
grounds of complaint. 

75. What are the sources of Russia's strength and 
weakness in this contest.? 

Her strength lies in the number of her inhabitants* 
and in her geographical position, which renders her less 
open to attack. Her weakness is in the disorderly state 
of her finances, and the political apathy of the people 
under despotism, which has nourished, (if it did not also 
produce) that form of socialism pecular to the Rus ian 
Nihilists. 

76. What is Servia.? Sec. 114. 

A kingdom with a constitution recently remodeled in 
liberal form. The executive power is vested in the king 
and his ministers, and the legislative power in an assem- 
bly of two houses elected by the people. 

77. Who is king of Servia? 

Milan I, the second ruler of the Obrenovich dynasty, 
who was made reigning prince in 1872, and king in 
1S82, abdicated his throne March 6, 1889, in favor of 
his young son, Prince Alexander, born in 1876. This 
act is said to have been brought about by Russian in- 
fluence. 

78. What is the government of Spain.? Sec. 103. 

Servia. -Population (1888), 1,973,060. Regular army, 15,000, reserve, 
60,000. Revenue, $7,200,000; expenditure, $9,200,000 ; public debt, fGO,- 
000,000. 



46 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

A kingdom, in which a constitution has been granted 
by the king to his people. The legislative power is 
shared by the king and the cortes, the latter a parUa- 
ment of two houses. The upper house is a senate con- 




MILAN I, 
Late King of Servia. 

taining members by hereditary right, by appointment 
and by election. The lower house contains the depu. 
ties of the people. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 47 

79. Who is king of Spain ? 

Alfonso Leon, born May 17, 1886, the posthumous 
child of King Alfonso XII. The country is, therefore, 
under a regency. 

Heir Apparent. — Infant Marie-de-las-Mercedes, sister of 
the infant king, born in 1880. 




QUEEN CHRISTINA. 
Regent of Spain. 

80. Who is regent of Spain.? 

Queen Marie Christina, the mother of the king. She 



Spain.— Population, (1884). 17,268,600. Army, peace footing, 100,000 ; 
navy, 126 steam vessels including 7 iron clads and 20,000 men. Expendi- 
ture generally exceeds the revenue and there is a debt of $1,29^,500,000, 



48 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



was an Austrian archduchess previous to her marriage 
with King Alfonso in 1879. 

81. Who is prime minister of Spain? 

Senor Sagasta, the leader of the Spanish Liberals. 




SENOR SAGASTA. 

Premier of Spain. 

Sagasta is an old and experienced statesman, and is 
backed in the present cortes, by a large majority. The 
opposition consists of factions — conservatives, members 
ofthe "Dynastic Left," (or democrats who accept the 
monarchy) and Republicans. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



49 



82. Who is the pretender to the Spanish throne? 
Don Carlos, grandson of Carlos de Bourbon, the sec- 

ond son of Charles IV. The line of the elder brother, 
Ferdinand VII, is not yet extinct and the claims of the 
Carlist pretenders are founded chiefly on their wishes 
t') reign. 

83. What is Sweden and Norway ? Sec. 54. 




OSCAR II. 
King of Sweden and Norway. 

A bipartite state united in the person of the king. They 
have a diplomatic service in common, but in every oth- 
er particular have separate and distinct governments. 

84. Who is King of Sweden and Norway? 

Oscar II, born in 1829, third son of Oscar T Suc- 

SwEDEN.— Population (1887), 4,734,901. Army, peace footing, 38/ 14 
men and 1,734 officers, war footing 176,954 men ; navy, 54 war vessels 
including 14 ironclads, 6,000 officers and men,. and reserve of 35,OOo' 
Kevenue (1888), $21,355,835 ; expenditure, $25,351,600 ; debt, all for rail- 
ways, $68,324,360. 

Norway.— Population, 1,925,000. Army, 18 ooo men ; navy, 47 steam- 



50 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

ceeded his brother, Carl XV, in 1872, Married, in 1857, 
Sophia, daughter of the duke of Nassau. 

Heir Apparent. — Prince Gustaf, duke of Wermland. Eld- 
est son of the king, born in 1858, and married in 1881 to a 
daughter of the grand duke of Baden. 

85. What is the government of Sweden? 

A limited monarchy in which the executive power is 
vested in the king, and the legislative power in the king 
and parliament of two houses. Both houses of parlia- 
ment are elected by the people, but the members of the 
upper house are chosen indirectly through provincial 
and municipal assemblies. 

86. Who is prime minister of Sweden.? 
Baron Bildt, appointed in 1888. 

87. What is the government of Norway? 

It is very similar to that of Sweden, but has a more 
liberal basis, inasmuch as the king in Norway has no 
absolute veto on legislation, but only a temporary one. 
The storthing, or parliament, is elected by the people, 
and by its own action re-adjusts itself as a congress of 
two houses, a senate being formed of one-four':h of the 
house. 

88. Who is prime minister? 

John Sverdrup, the head of the Liberal party, 

89. When did the Liberals come into power? 

In 1884 they secured their first ministry. Previous 
to this, they had for many years had a large majority in 
the storthing, but it was only by impeachment and af- 
ter a protracted trial that they secured the dismissal of 
the Conservative cabinet. The victory was important 
as it established the principle of the responsibility of 
the D>inistry to the majority m the storthing. 

90. What is the government of Switzerland ? Sees. 
42-44 



SwiTZBBLAND.— Population, 2,906,750. Army, war footing, 215,000 
men, Revenue (1888), $11,917,700 ; expenditure (1888), $11,305,900 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 51 

A federation of small cantons or states. The cantons 
vary in size and contain from 20,000 to 150,000 inhabit- 
ants. The government resembles that of the United 
States in the selection of its house of representatives 
and senate. Its president is elected annually by the 
federal assembly. 

91. Who is now president of Switzerland.^ 
Bernard Hammer, elected December, 1888, for the 

term of one year. 

92. What are the other sovereign states of Europe.? 
There are no other strictly sovereign states. There 

are several dependent or minor states, of more or less 
importance. Of these the first is Bulgaria. 

93. What is Bulgaria, and to what state is it subject.? 
Bulgaria is a principality, established by the common 

direction of the European powers, and nominally sub- 
ject to Turkey. In effect, howevei, she is not depend- 
ent upon Turkey, but upon the good will and protection 
of the powers, 

94. What is her form -jf government.? Sec. 148. 
The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. 

The prince is elected for life, through a constituent 
assembly and in him the executive power is vested. 
The legislative power exists in achamber of two houses, 
partly elected by the people and partly appointed by 
the crown. 

95. Who is prince of Bulgaria.? 

Ferdinand, Duke of Saxony, who was born in i86r, 
was elected prince of Bulgaria by unanimous vote of 
the national assembly, July 7, 1887, after the abdication 
of Alexander. Russia did not approve of the choice, 
but has refrained from interference, being unwilling to 
offend the powers. She now requests the appointment 

Bulgaria.— Populntion, 2 000.000; army 95,459men on the warfoot- 
ing-, and in time of peacf 24 battalions with 80 g-uns. Public revenue 
(1888), $9,702,640 ; expenditure, $11,867,000. 



52 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

of a "nominal protectorate," and it remains to be seen 
whether the powers will interfere, or continue to tacitly 
assent to Ferdinand's rule, as they have thus far done. 

96. What right have the powers to interfere ? 
Bulgaria, being based on the act of the powers at the 

Berlin Congress of 1878, is maintained by general treaty. 
The recent revolution, by which Bulgaria was united to 
the Turkish province of Roumelia, was in violation of 
the Berlin treaty, and first gave Russia an excuse for 
interfering. The powers, though they condoned the 
union, and also the subsequent dethronement of Prince 
Alexander, have declared against further interference 
on the part of Russia, and in favor of the semi-inde- 
pendence of Bulgaria. 

97. What are the other dependent slates of Europe? 
The rei ublics of San Marino and Andorra. These 

are small communities, the first in North Italy, the oth- 
er in the Pyrenees mountains between France and 
Spain. Both have for some centuries enjoyed the right 
of self-government, under the supervision of the neigh- 
boring states. 

AFRICA. 

98. What are the countries of Africa? 

There are no African states of international import- 
ance. North Africa contains Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, 
Tripoli, and Egypt, but of these Morocco is the only 
state that can make any pretensions to sovereignty. 
Central Africa contains Abyssinia, the Congo Free State, 
Liberia, and Zanzibar. South Africa is of more import- 
ance, but its chief settlements are the British colonies. 
Outside of these the Transvaal Republic and the Orange 
Free State are the only countries worth mentioning, but 
they have no international significance. 

99. What is the government of Morocco? Sec. 127. 
An Islamic despotism, in which the sultan has all 

spiritual and temporal power, and administers the gov. 
ernment according to his own caprice. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 53 

TOO. What are Algiers and Tunis? 

Dependencies of France, governed by appointees of 
the French government. 

10 r. What is TripoU? 

A dependency of Turkey, governed by an hereditary 
chief, who pays tribute to the Turkish porte. 

102. How is Egypt governed? Sec. 146. 




MOHAMMED TEWFIK. 
Khedive of Egypt. 

Egypt is, like Bulgaria, under the general protection 
of the European powers. It is now occupied by mili- 
tary forces of Great Britain, and its affairs are adminis- 
tered under British supervision. Nominally it is under 
the protection of Turkey, but this suzerainty is suspend- 
ed during the British occupation. 

103. What is the form of government? 

The form of government is a limited monarchy. The 
legislative power is in the hands of a ministerial council, 
subject to the approval of a representative council, part- 
ly appointed and partly elected- But in case of a dis- 
pute, the decision will rest with the Khedive. 

Egypt.— Population, (1882) 6, 806,381. including Upper EjiVPt,ll,000,00O. 
Revenue, (1888), $49,750,OOU ;expenditure, (1888), f 47,«8u,00O ;consolidat- 
eddebt, (1887), f518,689,000. floating debt, (1883) 181,149.365. 



54 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

104. Who is the Khedive of Egypt? 
Mohammed Tewfik, bom Nov. 19, 1852,5011 of Ismail 

I,succeeded to the throne on the abdicationof his father 

in 1879. 

Heir Apparent. -Abbas Effendi, son of the Khedive, born 
in 1874. 

105. What ip the government of Abyssinia .? 

A despotisj/i, hmited only by the ability of the king 
to enforii^-4rfs will. 

106. Who is the king of Abyssinia? 

There is now a vacancy owing to the recent death of 
King John II, who was killed Mar. 10, 1889, in battle 
with the forces of the fanatic, El Mahdi. John II had 
been a chief of a tribe and had come into power in 187 2 
after the previous king, Theodore, had perished in the 
struggle to resist British invasion, and the country had 
fallen into great disorder. John was a man of much force 
of character and governed his kingdom with discretion. 

107. What is the government of Zanzibar? 
Zanzibar is an Islamic despotism, founded or tht 

teachings of the Koran, in which the sultan is absolute 
and supreme, 

108. Who is the present sultan? 

Said Khalifa, an Arabian, who succeeded his brother, 
Said Bar^ash-ben-Said, in March, 1888. Said Bargash 
first conquered the country about twenty years ago. 

109. To whom is Zanzibar subject? 

By recent treaty, Zanzibar was forced to concede 
suzerainty to Germany, the occasion of conquest being 
the acquisition of adjacent territory by a German com- 
mercial company. The sultan of Zanzibar objected, 
claiming the country as his own, but was forced to con. 
cur, and also to acknowledge allegiance to Germany. 
Vol. r,89, 64, 152. 

no. What is the Congo Free State? 

A quasi-commercial enterprise, established under 



RULERS OF THE WORLD, 



55 



the direct protection of Belgium, and by the consent of 
the European powers. A large portion of the interior 
of Africa is given up to the direction of this company, 
but no trade monopoly is allowed. Since the country is 




HENRY 



STANLEY. 



regarded as unhealthy for white men, no extensive im- 
migration can be expected, but a railroad will soon con- 
nect the upper Congo with the seaboard and trade will 
be extended to all branches of the river, 

III. Who was the founder and first manager of this 
enterprise ? 



56 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

Henry M. Stanley, the noted explorer and traveler. 
Stanley was a native of Denbigh, Wales, where his 
younger years were passea in great poverty. His real 
name was John Rowland. At the age of fifteen he ran 
away to sea, and going to New Orleans,was there helped 
and befriended by a wealthy gentleman, and to show 
his gratitude the boy took his benefactor's name. He 
enlisted in the Confederate service, but was taken pris- 
oner, and then became a sailor in the United States 
navy. During the war, he began newspaper correspond- 
ence with success. He was sent by the New York 
Herald Xo XQ'^oxX. the British invasion of Abyssinia in 
1867-68, in 1870-72 went in search of Dr, Livingstone, 
in 1874 78, and again in 1880-83, explored the Congo 
and in 1887 started on an expedition into Central Africa. 

112. What is the government of Liberia? Sec. 39. 

It is a federation, modeled on the United States. It 
was founded by the American Colonization Society, as 
a home for American freedmen. The government is an 
admitted failure, and its affairs are in chronic disorder. 

113. What are the British colonies .? 

The Cape of Good Hope Colony, and the Colony of 
Natal. There are other crown colonies in South Africa, 
but these are the only two that have any powers of 
self-government. 

114. How are the affairs of Cape Colony manag&d? 
By a parliament and a responsible ministry. The 

executive power is vested in a governor and executive 
council appointed by the crown, and the legislative in 
two houses elected by the people. 

1 15. Who is the present governor of Cape Colony ? 
Sir H. G. Robinson, appointed in 1880. 

116. What can be said of the administration of Cape 
Natal ? 

The colony is governed by a crown-appointed governor, 
and a legislature of one house, containing thirteen ap- 
pointed and fifteen elected members. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



57 



117. Who is the present governor? 

Sir Arthur E. Havelock, appointed in 1888. 

1 1 8- How is the Orange Free State governed Sec gc 




mm 

RANAVALONvV III. 
Queen of Madagascar. 

It is a republic, its affairs administered by a president 
and an assembly of one house — the volksraad — botl'. 
elected by the people. 

119. Who is now the president? 



58 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

F. W. Reitz, elected in July, 1888, for a term of five 
years. 

120. What can be said of the Transvaal? 

It has a similar government to that of the Orange 
Free State. It has a volksraad, similarly elected, and a 
president for a like term. 

121. Who is president of the Transvaal? 

S, J. Paul Kruger, elected in 1883 for five years. 

122. What can be said of the government of the 
island of Madagascar? 

The government of Madagascar was changed from a 
tribal rule to a despotism in 1810 when Rahama, a 
chief of the Hovas, one of the tribes, became ruler of 
the entire island. Christianity has since been intro- 
duced into the island, and missionaries have done much 
toward civilizing the people. The sovereign has a coun- 
cil of advisers, but the royal will is supreme in every 
case. 

123. Who is the present sovereign of Madagascar? 
Queen Ranavalona III, who came to the throne in 

July, 1883. She is the neice of her predecessor, Queen 
Ranavalona II, who named her as successor, after which 
she was formally elected to the position. According to 
a custom of the country, on coming to the throne she 
married the prime minister of the kingdom — Raimlalar- 
ivono — who had also been the husband of the preced- 
ing queen. 

AHIA, 

124. What are the countries of Asia? 

Besides the colonies and dependencies of European 
powers, there are Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, Siam, 
China and Japan. 

125. What is the government of Turkey? Sec. 123. 



Turkey.— Population, (in Europe and Asia) 22,011,000. Rovenuo, 
1884) about, $72,500,000; expenditure, unknowu; debt, (1885) about) 
$461,129,135. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



59 



The Turkish Empire, or Osmanli Vilayet, is a despot- 
ism, based on the precepts of the Koran. The state 
and churcli are allied, the sultan having been, for sev- 
eral hundred years, the calif or acknowledged head of 




ABDUL H AM ID. 

Sultan of Turkey. 



the church. The will of the monarch is absolute, when 
not contrary to the precepts of the prophet. The form 
of the government is essentially military. Havmg de- 
veloped from the rule of the conquering invader, it has 
never received any of the forms of civil administration. 



6o RULERS OF THE WORLD, 

126. Who is the sultan of Turkey? 

Abdul Hamid II, born in 1842, who came into power 
in 1876, on the deposition of his brother. 

Heir Apparent, — Mehemmed Reschad Effendi,brother of 
the sultan, and next in succession according to the laws of the 
Koran. 

127. What is the Sublime Porte? 

Virtually, the cabinet of the sultan, consisting of his 
ministers of different departments, appomted by himself 
and individually responsible to him only. The porte 
administers the government subject to the sultan's will. 

1 28. What is the government of Persia? 

Also an Islamic despotism, with even less concession 
to civilized forms than that of Turkey. The executive 
power is administered by a divan, or council of seven 
members, which, like the sublime porte of Turkey, sim- 
ply carries out the sovereign will. 

129. Who is shah of Persia? 

Nassr-ed-Din, born in 1829, and succeeded his father 
in 1848. 

Heir Apparent. — Muzaffer-ed-Din, eldest son of the shah, 
born in 1850. 

130. What is the government of Afghanistan? 

Still another form of Islamic despotism. The ameer 
claims authority over a number of turbulent tribes, 
which he governs partly by military force and partly 
by intrigue. 

131. Who is the Ameer of Afghanistan ? 
Abdurrahman Khan, who came into power in 1880. 

He was a nephew of Shere Ali, the ruler who resisted 
the British invasion so stoutly, and was finally driven 
into exile, where he died. Shere Ali's son, Yakoob 



Persia.— Populition estimated, 7.053,600. Revenue in cash, (about) 
$15,000,000; revenue in kind, !!51,5UO,OUO;expenditure,(about)$13,7.50,000. 

Afghanistan.— Population, (estimated) about 4,000,000. Revenue 
of the Ameer reekoued at $:2,000,0 ]0, with a subsidy from the Indjaa 
g-ovt. $600,000. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



61 



Khan, manifesting little strength of mind or character, 
the British deposed him and set up his cousin in his 
stead. 

132. What are the Ameer's relations to Great Britain' 




ABDURRAHMAN KHAN. 
Ameer of Afghanistan. 

He has made an offensive and defensive alliance 
with Great Britain,for the sake of protecting his country 
from an invasion by Russia from the north. Afghanistan 
lies in the path between Russia and British India and 
its conquest is undoubtedly a part of Russia's plans. 
So far, however, Russia's advance has been checked by 
British diplomacy. 



62 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

133. What can be said of the comparative extent and 
importance of the Russian and British possessions in 
Asia ? 

Asiatic Russia, including Siberia and the Trans- 
Caucasian provinces, is more than five times as large- 
as British India, but in point of commercial importance 
the British possessions far outrank those of India. The 
opium trade alone netted a profit to the government, in 
1884, of p/^7,701,811. In the same year, the excess in 
value of exports over imports tor the Indian provinces 
was about ;^ 18,400,000. 

134. How is Siberia governed.? 

By appointees of the Russian Czar. The country is 
divided into two vice-royalties, each ruled by a govern- 
or general, and these into provinces, and further into 
districts, all officials, even to the lowest, receiving au- 
thority directly from the government at St. Petersburg. 

135. How is British India governed.'* 

The government of British India may be divided into 
two parts, that carried on in the country, and that con- 
ducted in the colonial office of Great Britnin. In Lon. 
don, a Secretary of State for India, and a council ap- 
pointed by the government, supervise the managemer.l 
of Indian affairs, while the actual administration in Ik 
dia is entrusted to a viceroy and council, both appointed 
by the British government and in no way responsible to 
the natives. 

136. Who is now governor-general or viceroy of In- 
dia.? 

Henry Charles Keith Petty Filz Maurice, Marquis oj 
Lansdowne, formerly governor general of Canada, 
appointed to his present office in February, 1888. 

137. What country of Asia has been recently annexed 
by Great Britain? Vol. V^fp. 164, 172, 179. 

Upper Burmah, a wide extent of countr}^ between 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 63 

China and India, was annexed, after a brief war, early 
in 1886. 

138. What is the government of Ceylon? 

Ceylon is a crown colony, its assembly composed of 
an executive council of five, and a legislative council of 
fifteen members, being controlled by a governor ap- 
pointed and directed by the home government. 

139. To what does the island of Java belong? 

This island is a dependency of the Netherlands, and is 
ruled by a governor-general and council appointed by 
that country. 

140. What possessions have the French in Asia? 
The eastern part of the peninsula of Cochin China, 

including Tonquin, Anam, Saigon and Cambodia, is oc- 
cupied by a French army and despotically governed by 
French officers. 

141. What can be said of the government cf China? 
Sec. 131, 

The government of China is a patriarchal despotism, 
and is identical with Confucianism, the state religion, 
the emperor being high priest, and the state officials the 
priesthood. But though theoretically despotic, Chinese 
government is subject to a constitution, made up of the 
principUs and precedents of former dynasties. 

142. Who is the emperor of China? 

Tsai-tien, who was born in 1872, and succeeded the 
emperor Tung-che m 1875, by adoption of the empress 
dowager and the empress regent. In February, 1889, 
he married and succeeded to the royal power, which dur- 
ing his minority had been held by the two empresses — 
the mother and widow of the previous ruler. 

143. What is the special significance of the emperor's 
coming into power? 

The young emperor is favorably inclined to the for- 
eign party, which is desirous of introducing the customs 
of western civilization into Chinese life, and of securing 



64 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

the friendship and aUiance of other nations. Various 
signs, notably the recent completion of the first railroad 
of the empire, show that some remarkable changes may- 
be impending in this conservative ountry. 
144. Who is Li Hung Chang? 




LI HUNG CHANG. 

Li Hung Chang is the viceroy of the imperial province 
of Cheelee, and holds in relation to the government the 
same position as the minister of foreign affairs in con- 
stitutional countries. The fact that he is favorably dis- 

China.— Population, (estimated) about 300,000,000. The army at its 
full strength would number about 1,200,003 men, but only a small part 
is from time to time enrolled. Tte navy consists of numerous gun- ves- 
sels, bu jit at hoDje, and several iron-clads of European manufacture. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



<^5 



posed toward progress and western civilization makes 
his position an important one. 

145. What can be said of the government of Japan? 
^ec. 133. 




T^IUTSU HITO, 
Mikado of Japan. 

Japan has just completed a radical change in her 
government. It has been transformed from a despotism 

Japan.— Population, (1885), 37,8G=(,997. Army, (peace footing,) G(),45fi 
men, in war,is increased tol99,840;the navv has 31 vcssels.flveof them 
iron-clads. Estimated revenue, $62,036,6:i5- debt, (1885) $2T1,190,23Q. 



56 RULERS OF THE WOULD. 

to a constitutional monarchy, and this has been brought 
about, not by any demand on the part of the people for 
a more liberal government, but through the generosity 
of the ruler of the country. In 1888, the mikado an- 
nounced to the people that a constitutional representa- 
tive assembly would be summoned in 1890. The new 
constitution was promulgated Feb. i, 1889. 

146. What are the main points of the new government? 
The hereditary sovereign is retained as sole executive 

and legislative powers are conferred on a senate, made 
up of nobles, elected and appointed members, and a 
house of commons elected every three years by the people 

147. Who is the Mikado of Japan ? 

Mutsu Hito, who succeeded to the position on his 
father's death in 1867, At that time, the real ruler of 
the country was the Shiogun, or Tycoon, who was the 
generalissimo of the army. In 1868, there was a revo- 
lution against the tyranny exercised by the Tycoon, he 
was overthrown, and since then, Japan has enjoyed the 
blessings of peace and a generally equitable government. 

148. What is the government of Siam.? 

A most absolute despotism, ruled by the king and 
his appointees. The church is united with the power of 
the state as in China. 

149. Who is king of Siam? 

Chulalou Koru I. who succeeded to power in 1868. 
Heir Apparent.— Prince Somdect Chowfa, eldest son of 
the king, born June 23, 187S. 

150. Do these comprise all the Asian States.? 
There is besides the little country of Corea on the 

peninsula of the same name, which enjoys the distinction 
of being the most isolated and least known country on 
the globe. Beyond the fact that its government is a 

Siam.— Population, (about) 5,700.000. There is a standing army in 
the form of militia, every male inhabitant of the kingdom being ob- 
liged to serve therein four months in each year. The navy consists 
of four steam corvettes and twelve gunboats, officered by Europeans. 
Revenue and expenditure each, about $6,000,000, 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 67 

despotism, scarcely anything is known of its institutions.. 
The two states of Sarawak and Brunei, on the island of 
Borneo, are also properly included with Asiatic countries. 
The former is ruled by Sir Chas. J. Brooke, as rajah, 
whose absolute power is used most benevolently for the 
good of the natives. Brunei has a number of small tribes, 
each with a chief, over whom one, as sultan, has a 
general control. 

AUSTMALASIA AND THE PACIFIC 
ISLANDS, 

I 'I. What are the governments of Australia.? 

The continent of Australia is divided among five Brit- 
ish colonies, New South Wales, Queensland, South Aus- 
tralia, Victoria and Western Australia. All of these 
colonies possess governments responsible to the popular 
assembly, subject to a governor appointed by the British 
crown, and to an absolute veto power over legislation, 
exercised by the British government. 

152. What is the government of New South Wales? 
Sec. 157. 

The executive power is vested in the governor and 
the legislative power in a council and an assembly, 
these two bodies composing the colonial parliament. 
The governor and council are appointed by the crown 
and the assembly elected by universal manhood suffrage. 
In practice the government is democratic, as the assem- 
bly is all powerful, making and unmaking the ministry 
at its pleasure. The council has, practically, only a 
limited veto on legislation. 

153. Who is governor of this colony? 

Right Hon. Lord Carrington, appointed in 1885. 

154. How is Queensland governed? Sfc. 161. 

The government of Queensland is very like that of 
New South Wales, of which colony it originally formed 
a part. A governor and council are appointed by the 



68 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

crown, but the representative assembly, through the 
colonial ministry, controls the government. 

155. Who is governor of Queensland? 

Sir Henry Wylie Norman, appointea m 1888. 

156- What is the government of South Australia? 
Sec 160. 

In the government of South Australia, the members 
of the legislative council are elected by the people,albe- 
it for a longer term and subject to a property qualifica- 
tion for electors. The assembly is chosen by popular 
suffrage. 

157. Who is the governor of this colony? 

Sir William C. F. Robinson, appointed in 1882. 

158. What is the government of Victoria? Sec, 159. 

By the constitution of Victoria, the legislative author- 
ity is vested in a parliament of two chambers — both 
chosen by the people — and the executive power in a 
governor appointed by the crown. In the election of 
the upper house, a property qualification is demanded 
both for members and electors, but in the choice of the 
lower house the suffrage is not so restricted. 

159. Who is governor of Victoria? 

Sir Henry Brougham Loch, appointed in 1884. 

160. How is Western Australia governed? 

By a governor and legislative council of one chamber. 
The former is appointed by the crown; the latter partly 
appointed and partly elected subject to a property qual- 
ification. 

161. Who is at present governor? 

Sir Frederick Napier Broome, appointed in 1882. 

162. What is the government of Tasmania? Sec. 162. 
The island of Tasmania is a British colony, governed 

by a crown-appointed governor and a parliament (of 

Australia.— Population (of ail the colonies, 1884)3,538,196. Amount 
of revenue for all, $111,437,055, expenditure for all, $103,395,330. Pub- 
Uc debt, $489,730,330. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 69 

two houses) of its own choosing. (The governor is Sir 
R. George C. Hamilton, appointed in 1887. 

163. How is New Zealand governed? Sec. 163. 

By a governor and parHament of two houses. As in 
several of the other colonies, the members of the upper 
house, as well as the governor, are appointed by the 
crown, but since the ministry is responsible to the peo- 
ple's representatives in the lower house, the government 
is none the less democratic. (Sir William F. D. Jervois 
is the present governor, having been appointed to the 
post in 1882.) 

164. Are these colonies politically united otherwise 
than as common subjects to Great Britain? V. IV, p. 20. 

Yes, in 1884 they united in a confederation for the 
better protection of their common interests. A federal 
council was established with power to legislate,but with 
no administrative or executive powers. 

165. What led to the formation of this council? 
Chiefly a desire to secure the annexation of adjacent 

islands, and to prevent other nations from acquiring the 
same. Also to prevent further transportation of con- 
victs into their neighborhood. 

166. What other nations were seeking to annex islands 
in their vicinity? 

Germany and France. Germany has annexed the 
upper coast of east New Guinea, with the adjoining isl- 
ands of New Ireland and New Britain. France, pos- 
sessed of New Caledonia,seeks to acquire the New Heb- 
rides. 

167. What is the objection to these neighbors? 

The fear of the establishment of new penal settle- 
ments on these islands. France has long had a penal 
colony on New Caledonia, and would doubtless use the 
New Hebrides for the same purpose. Against Germany 
the colonies can bring no direct charge of such intent, 
as she has as yet no penal colonies in Melanesia, but 
they apprehend the worst, and desire to exclude a 



7o 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



neighbor who may prove disagreeable if not dangerous. 
i68. What was Germany's contest over the CaroHne 
islands? 



Yup I. 



3Iatd(,tax Is 



Grir/on I 



'"A.sxiitu-inn I. 
", -LADKOEE 



^c MARIANA 

'tSeypan I. 
Tini(mI.O I'^^LANDS 
oGuahan 1. 



OI^J^^' 



ISZ 



Halcyon I. 






°>St. An<h( 



ijicfc 






oa V- NEW 

Arrifls. ^ 

■ Arafara „ 
Sea ^^' 



.. > 



^ 



ShWU IsJ 

Hoitolen ^"Is 






■aJ'.'Avgusline ■«"• • .''. 

Valan I. 



Mortlock Is. 



Admiralty 
.Is. 



Squalor 
a- , 




'■' ^-N * cVi! •• f\ Bougaiiiville Isl 

GUINEA. c^_^ "* • \\ .o. I ,... „ 

s strait ^<:^iS^2^ Lo>(hi>i<le. 

Archipelago 

TAC TFTC 

insula Coral 
Sea 
OC E A N 




^^Malayta 



^ 



b.^ 



N't IV <v - 
nebrides^o 



NDRTH austbal'ia ' 



liuXi) 



laledoniir 



NEW GUINEA AND THE CAROLINE ISLANDS. 

Germany desired to annex these islands, but Spain 
alleged a prior claim, and the matter being referred to 
arbitration, Spain secured possession of most of the 
group. 

169. What claim has Germany on the Samoan isl- 
ands ? 



RULERS OF THE WORLD, 71 

In the case of the Samoan islands,Germany contends 
both with Great Britain and the United States, and has, 
by presistent aggression, secured more than equal rights 
with these nations. 

17c. What is the government of Hawaii? 

The government is a Hmited monarchy, with a house 
of peers appointed by the king, and a house of repre- 
sentatives elected by the people. 

171. Who the king of Hawaii? 

Kalakaua I, elected king by parliament, Feb- 12,1874. 

Heirkss Apparent. — Princess Ljdia, eldest sister of the 
king, married to John O. Dominis, governor of one of the Ha- 
waiian islands. 

SOUTH AMEUICA. 

172. What are the governments of South America? 
Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, 

Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. 

173. What is the Argentine Republic? 6*^^.36. 

A federation of fourteen states, whose government is 
obviously modeled on that of the United States. The 
constitution is unmistakably a close imitation of our 
federal organic law. In some few matters a change is 
made, and in practice the working of the government is 
altogether different. 

174. Who is president of the Argentine Republic? 

Dr. Miguel Juarez Celman, elected Oct. 12, 1886, for 
six years. 
'175. What is the government of Bolivia? Sec. 69. 
Theoretically, it is a unified republic ; practically, it 

Argentine Eepubltc- Population, (1887), 3,926,000. Army consists 
of 7,400 soldiers, in addition to the national guard of 300,000 men. Pub- 
lic revenue, $53,702,800 ; expenditure, $57,056,500; debt, including local 
dlbt, $158,506,475. 

Bolivia.— Population, (estimated) 2,325,000. Army about 6,000 men. 
Public revenue, (1888), $3,766,425 ; expenditure (1888), $1,477,100 ; debt, 
(1886), including railway debt, $13,016,850. 



72 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



is a despotism, the president exercising dictatorial pow- 
ers. A congress of two houses is maintained, but the 
power of the dictator enables him to control the elec- 
tions, and have none but his own friends in parliament. 
176. Who is now dictator? 




DOM PEDRO II. 
Emperor of Brazil. 



Senor Don Aniceto Arce, proclaimed by the assembly 
Aug. 15, t888. 

177. What is the government of Brazil? Sec. 98. 

A constitutional monarchy, styled an empire. The 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 73 

legislative power is exercised by a parliament of two 
houses; the lower house being chosen by the direct vote 
of the people, and the upper house selected by the em- 
peror from nominees offered by the people's represent- 
atives in electoral college. The senators hold office for 
life ; the representatives for four years only. The gov- 
ernment is administered by a cabinet responsible to the 
parliament. 

178. Who is emperor of Brazil? 

Dom Pedro II, born in 1825, the son of the first Bra- 
zilian emper()r,and grandson of King John of Portugal. 
He succeeded to the throne on the abdication of his 
father in 1831, was crowned ten years later, married in 
1843 a daughter of rhe king of Sicily. 

Heiress Presumptive. — Princess Isabel, daughter of the 
emperor, born in 1846 and married in 1864 to Prince Louis of 
Orleans. 

179. What is the government of Chili.? Sec. 63. 

A centralized republic. The legislative power is vested 
in a congress of two houses,a senate chosen by indirect 
election, and a chamber of deputies elected by popular 
suffrage. The executive power is wielded by the pres- 
ident, subject to the approval of his cabinet officers. 
This power is very great, as the entire government, local 
as well as national, is carried on by the appointees of 
the administration. 

180. Who is president of Chili? 

Don Jose Manuel Balmaceda, elected in 1886 for a 
term of five years. 

i8r. What is the government of Colombia? Sec. 30- 



Brazil.— Population, (1887) 14,000,000. Army, 13,500 men on a peace 
footjng. Navy, 36 vessels of which 10 are iron-clads, in addition to 13 
gun-boats and 8 torpedo boats. Public revenue, (1888-89), $75,264,500; 
expenditure, $83 399,000 debt, (1886), including- paper currency, 
f427,940,000. 

Chili.— Population, (188^) 3,115, 340. Array, 7,100 men and 1,037 offic- 
ers, with a national guard of 51,816. Navy, 11 vessels, 3 of them iron- 
clads, manned by 3,325 men. lieveaue, (1H87), $41,241,800. expenditure 
$10 r,s^,700. debt, (1884), including railway debt, $87,644,630. 



74 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

A federation originally modelled on that of the United 
States. Since the recent rebellion, however, the con- 
stitution has been revised and the powers of govern- 
ment centralized, so that the states are little more than 
provinces. A national government is carried on by a 
pre:ident and congress. The congress consists of a 
senate of three members from each state, and a house 
of representatives chosen by universal suffrage. 

182. Who is president of Colombia? 
Raphael Nunez, chosen in 1884. 

183. What is the government of Ecuador.^ Sec. 71. 
Ecuador is a unified or integral state ; its government 

is nominally republican, but in practice has been des- 
potic. Since the overthrow of Dictator Veintemilla? 
in 1883, the people have more vigilantly guarded their 
liberties, and the congress (of two houses) shares the 
government with the president. 

184. Who is president of Ecuador.? 

Senor Don Antonia Flores, elected for four years in 
1888. 

185. What is the government of Paraguay? Sec. 82. 
A centralized republic, governed by a president and 

congress of two hoises elected directly by the people. 
Theoretically at least, the government is a liberal one. 

186. Who is president of Paraguay? 

Gen. Escobar, elected in September, 1886. 

187. What is the government of Peru? 

Since its war with Chili in 1882-83. Peru has been 
almost in a state of anarchy. At present, however, one 
of the pretenders to the government lias secured the 



U. S.OF CoiiOMBiA.— Population, (estimated) 4,0J0,000. Army (stand- 
ing) 3,000; navy, none. Revenue, (1884-S5) $5,864, 750;expenditure,(1884- 
85) $7,865,670; debt, (1S85) $19,811,380. 

Ecuador.— Population. (estimated)l,000,OOO.Revenue,(1885)$l, 847,890 
expenditure, $3,4 -'1,400; debt, $18,183,750. 

Paraguay.— Population. 476,000. Revenue, (about) $3.50,000; Expen- 
diture, (about) $350,000: debt, uncertain, no interest paid. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



75 



upper hand and the civil constitution is supposed to be 
in force. By it the executive power is vested in a pres- 
ident elected by the congress. This body is composed 
of two houses, a senate representing the provincial coun- 




D O N G U Z M AN BLANCO, 
Ex-President of Venezuela. 

cils, and a house, nominally chosen by the direct vote 
of the people. In practice, both houses contain only 
those whom the party in power sees fit to admit. 

Peru —Population, (estimated) 2,970,000. Army was about 6,000 
men. but was nearly annihilated by war with Chili Revenue, (1877) 
$7,700,000 ; expenditure, $10,000,000; debt, (about) $250,000,000. 

Uruguay.— Population, (1884), 559,668. Army, 2,500 men. Revenue, 
(1883) $11,677,790; expenditure,(1883) $11,636,210; debt, $64,864 675. 



76 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

1 88. Who is now at the head of the government in 
Peru? 

Gen. Caceres, elected in April, 1886. 

189. What is the government of Uruguay [? Sec. 84. 

A republic very similar in its constitution to the neigh- 
boring state of Paraguay. The parliament of two hous- 
es is chosen by the direct vote of the people, the suf- 
frage being given to all male adults who can read and 
write. 

190. Who is president of Uruguay? 
Maximo Tajes, elected in November, ]886. 

191. What is the government of Venezuela? Sec. 2i^. 
Venezuela is a federation of states united by their 

own choice, and reserving to themselves most of the at- 
tributes of sovereignty. As in our own country, under 
the articles of confederation, the laws passed by the fed- 
eral congress are administered by state officers. The 
congress consists of a senate representing the states, and 
a house representing the people. The president of Ven- 
ezuela is chosen by a federal council of sixteen, which 
is in its turn selected by the congress. 

192. Who is president of Venezuela? 

Pablo Rojes Paul, elected in June, 1888. The most 
influential man in the country, however, is Don Guz 
man Blanco, who, whether ])resident or not, has for 
twelve years practically managed government affairs, 

NOItTH AMERIVA. 

193. What are the countries of North America? 
Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicara- 

gua,San Salvador, San Domingo and Hayti, Mexico and 
the United States. 

194. What is Canada? Sec, 152. 

Venezuela.— Population, (1883) 3,121,988. Revenue, $9,363.500 ;expea- 
diture, the same; debt, $51,773,170. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 77 

A dependency of Great Britain, consisting of a num- 
ber of British provinces united under a federal govern- 
ment. The governor general of Canada is appointed by 
the crown and has a veto on all legislation. He has al- 
so the power to appoint for life,the members of the Can- 



LORD FREDERICK STANLEY. 
Governor General of Canada. 

adian senate. The government,however,is carried on by 
a ministry responsible to the house of commons, which 
is elected by the people. 

194. Who is governor general of Canada.'* 



78 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

Right Hon. Lord Stanley of Preston, appointed in 
February, 1888= 

195. Who is prime minister of Canada? 

Sir John Alexander MacDonald, born in 1815 ; was 
first prime minister from 1867 to 1873 and returned to 
power in 1878 as head of the present council. 

196. How is the local government carried on? 

By the provincial councils through their respective 
ministries. The lieutenant governors of these provinces 
are appointed by the governor general and exercise a 
veto power over legislation. 

197. What is the position of Newfoundland? 6'<f^.i54. 
Newfoundland has not yet secured her own consent 

to enter the Canadian dominion, though provision • for 
her admission was made in the original parliamentary 
act uniting the North American provinces. The little 
colony therefore receives its governor direct from Eng- 
land, and makes its own laws through a colonial assem- 
bly. 

198. Has the colonial government jurisdiction on the 
west coast ? 

Until 1 836, the west coast of Newfoundland was re- 
served t3 the French fishermen by the treaty of 17 13. 
The colonial government had no jurisdiction there; the 
country was subject only to the occasional supervision 
of French ships of war doing police duty on the coast, 
and English or other foreigners were, or might be,driven 
out as mtruders. But by the Anglo-F'rench treaty of 
1886, the En- hsh are permitted to establish industries 
at the harbors and to share some of the fishery rights. 
The colonial government also participates in the duty 
of keeping the peace. 

199. What other Canadian provinces desire to equal 
Newfoundland in independence? 

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. These provinces 



Can \ da.— Population, (1881) 4,324,810. Army, (active militia) 37,000 
men; (reserve), 655,000. Revenue, (1885) $34,163,245; expenditure, 
^36,406,940; net public debt !j>204,591,345. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 79 

joined the dominion of their own accord, but, for the 
past few years, have regretted their union with Canada, 
believing that their interests would be better served if 
their government were administered altogether by their 
provincial parliaments. 

200. What is the government of Costa Rica? 

Costa Rica is one of the small republics into which 
Central America was divided by the break down of its 
federal government. Costa Rica is governed by a con- 
gress of one chamber chosen by electoral assemblies 
representing the people, and by a president selected in 
the same manner. The suffrage is limited to those who 
are able to *'live respectably." 

201 Who is president of this state ? 

Gen. Don Bernardo Soto, elected in March. 1885. 

202. What is the government of Guatemala .?»S^^. 75. 
A republic governed by a president and an assembly of 

one house. The powers of government are very cen, 
tralized and the president, elected by the people for six 
years, has almost absolute control of political affairs. 

203. Who is president of Guatemala.? 
Gen. Don M. L. Barillas, elected in 1885. 

204. What position does Guatemala hold in Central 
American affairs ? 

Guatemala is looked upon with jealousy and dread 
by the neighboring states. The fact that the last pres- 
ident of Guatemala projected the conquest of the other 
Central American states was sufficient to unite these 
states in their own defense, and sinqe then there has 
been a demand for the division or subjection of the more 
powerful country. 

205. What is the government of Honduras.? Se:. 75. 

Costa Rica.— Population, (estimated) 180,000. Public revenue, 
$3,867,170; expenditure, $2,961,110; debt, (1880) including railway debt, 
S20,0U0,000. 

Guatemala.— Population, (1884) 1,378,311. Revenue,(1884)$7,685,000; 
expenditure, $7,490,000; debt, $8,303,060. 



8o RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

A republic with a legislature elected by the people 
and a president (also elected by direct popular vote) 
who has complete control of the executive power, sub 
ject only to the supervision of his council. The state is 
subject to revolutions, and there have been no regular 
presidental elections for a number of years. 

206. Who is president of Honduras ? 

Gen. Luis Bogran,who came into power in 1883. 

207. What is the government of Nicaragua? Sec. 77. 
A republic with a legislature (of two houses) and a 

president,both nominally elected by universal suffrage 
for a fixed term. 

20S. Wiio is president of this state? 

Dr. Don Evaristo Carazj, elected in 1887. 

209. What is the government of San Salvador? Sec.^'^. 
A republic with a congress of two houses elected by 

popular suffrag:;,also a president,u£ually the chief pow- 
er in the state, who should be elected by the people ev- 
ery four years but who has of late been placed in office 
by revolution or by the choice of the army. 

210. Who is the president of San Salvador? 

Gen. Francisco Menendez, who came into power in 
1885. 

211. What is the government of Hayti? Sec. 87. 
Nominally a constitutional republic with a president 

and an assembly of two houses elected by the people; 
in practice, a despotism maintained by the adventurer 
who, for the time being, has obtained control of the army. 

212. What two men are now struggling for power? 
Gens. Legitime and Hippolyte. 

Honduras.— Population, (about) 458,000. Revenue, (1884) f 1,100,000. 
expenditure, same; debt, (interior) ^1,000,000; debt and interest, (ex- 
terior) $30,000,000. 

Nicaragua.— Population. (estimated) 400,000. Public revenue,(1884) 
$1,877,795; expenditure, $1,795,875; aebt,(all internal) $543,280. 

San Salvador.— Popnlation,(1878) ,554,000. Revenue,(1884) 14,117,645: 

expenditure, (1884) $4,077,715; debt, (1883) interior, $3,183,870. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 8: 

213. What is the government of San Domingo ?6'<?r.8 8. 
A republic, in most respects similar to that of Hayti, 

but the election of both congress and president is in- 
direct. The country, for a long time turbulent, seems 
to have passtd its revolutionary stage and now main- 
tains a regularly elected government. 

214. Who is president of San Domingo? 
Gen. Ulises Henreaux, elected in r886. 




PORFIRIO DIAZ, 

President of Mexico. 

215. How is Mexico governed? Sec. 26. 

The government of Mexico is a federative union 

v/her^in the local affairs are under the control of the 

state governments, and the matters of national import- 



Mexico.— Population, (estimated) 10,447,0n0, Army,23,000 men. Rev- 
$37,107,500; expenditure, $34,171,730; debt, $142,500,( 



enue,(1885) ; 



,000. 



82 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

ance are entrusted to the federal president and congress. 
Until within the last ten years, the country was dis- 
turbed by frequent rebellions and revolutions, and in 
the natural reaction, the central government has been 
allowed to encroach on the rights of the states in polit- 
ical affairs. Mexican elections, in these days, are 
generally controlled by the federal government, through 
its appointed officers, and the displacement of the party 
in power seems almost an impossibility. 

2 1 6. Who is president of Mexico? 

Porfiri.) Diaz, who first came into power by a success- 
ful revolution in 1876, and was installed president for 
four years. The Mexican law forbidding a second con- 
secutive term, Manuel Gonzalez, a personal ally, was 
made president, and at the end of his term, Diaz returned 
to office, having not at any time released his hold on 
the government. 

217. To what is the present prosperity of Mexico 
due.'* 

Largely to the settled form of government, and to no 
little extent to increased intercourse with the United 
States, by American companies, and the connection of 
Mexican cities with the United States by rail. The 
construction ofrailways has brought in American capital, 
and what is still more essential, American enterprise, to 
develop the resources of the country. 

218. What is the government of the United States.-* 
A federation ; a duplex form of government, binding 

both the states and the citizens of those states, into one 
national organization. This is the only type of union 
that has ever maintained itself, and since all existing 
federations have looked on the United States as a model, 
it may be justly said that our union is the most perfect 
type of a federative government. « 

219. What is the recognized guardian of our federal 
constitution.? 

A federal supreme court, which has always stood 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



83 



between the legislation of the states on the one hand, 
and that of the federal congress, on the other, to pre- 
vent encroachment on the recognized sphere of each 
government. The exaltation of the supreme court to an 
equality with the other departments of government is al- 
together peculiar to our form of government. The Span- 




MELVILLE W. FULLER, 
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 

ish American republics have adopted this feature as well 
as other points of our constitution, but they have never 
permitted the court to remain inde-pendent. 

220. To whom is the executive power in our govern- 
ment intrusted? 



84 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



To the chief magistrate or president, subject only to 
the approval of the senate in certain cases of appoint - 
]nent and in the estabUshment of treaties. 

Who is chief justice of the supreme court? 



221 



Melville W. Fuller of Illinois, appointed in 1888. 




BENJAMIN HARRISON, 
President of the United States. 
222. Who is president of the United States.?" 
Benjamin Harrison, a man of 57 years of age, a citi- 
zen of Indiana, which state he represented in the senate 
from 1881 to 1887. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 85 

223, Who compose the president's cabinet? 
Secretary of state, James G. Blaine of Maine • secre 
tary of the treasury, William Windom of Minnesota" 

of the navy Benjamm F.Tracy of New York- secretary 
^ n rVrlZ^ i''' W Nobl/of Missouri; ^oTtmaZ 
general, John Wanamaker of Pennsylvania; attorney 




LEVI P. MORTON, 
Vice President of the United' States 

lure, J. M. Kusk of Wisconsin 



86 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

224. Who is vice president of the United States ? 
Levi P. Morton, a wealthy citizen of New York, who 

has been a member of congress and has also held a 
foreign mission. 

225. What are the duties of the vice president? 
This officer has no share in the executive duties of 

the president, and but a small part in legislation. He 
is by virtue of his office chairman of the senate, but has 
no vote in that body except in case of a tie. 

226. How is a vacancy in the vice presidency filled? 
This vacancy may occur either through the death, 

resignation, impeachment or other disabiHty of the vice 
president himself, or through his succession to a va- 
cancy similarly caused in the office of president. No 
provision is made for filling the vacancy in the vice 
presidency, but the senate chooses a new chairman from 
among its members. In case of a vacancy in both the 
presidency and vice presidency, the officers of the cabi^ 
net succeed to the presidency in a specified order. 

227. What is the composition of the United States 
senate? 

The senate, the upper house in our federal congress, 
is composed of two senators from each state in the 
union. Its purpose is the equal representation of the 
states as such, as a check upon the acts of a majority 
of the people. 

228. What is the lower house of congress ? 

The house of representatives, chosen by the people 
in congressional districts into which each state is divided. 

229. Who presides over the house of representatives? 
A speaker who is chosen by a majority vote of the 

members at the beginning of each congress. He, of 
course, represents the dominant party in the house, and 
much power is lodged in his hands, yet as he holds his 
place by the will of the majority, he is usually thus re- 
strained from despotic acts. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



87 
present 



230. What is the political complexion of th 
congress ? 

The fifty.first congress, elected in November, 1888, 
will stand in the house, 159 Democrats, 169 Republi- 
cans and two Independents. The new senate has 39 
Republicans and 37 Democrats. 




JAMES G. BLAINE, 
Secretary of State. 

231. Who are the chief leaders of the Republican 
party t 

James G. Blaine of Maine, Senators Edmunds of Ver 
mont Sherman of Ohio, Ingalls of Kansas, Evarts of 
New York and Hoar of Massachusetts, In the house 
Thomas B. Reed of Maine, William McKinley of Ohio' 



88 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



and Julius C. Burrows of Michigan, are the chief lead- 
ers in partisan debate, 

232. What is noteworthy in the leadership of this 
party ? 

That the leaders are, without exception, stalwart 
Republicans, showing that though the southern question 




GEORGE F. EDMUNDS, 

is virtually dead, the party has crushed into silence all 
those too much inclined toward forgiveness of the south. 
They are, also, in most instances, opposed to civil 
service reform, and in favor of a high tariff, as shown 
by the recent campaign. 

233. Who are the Mugwumps, or Independent Rep- 
ublicans .'* 

The remnant of a section of the Republicans, once 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 89 

powerful enough to affect the policy of their party. Pro, 
claiming their independence of party ties, they sought 
to forward certain reform measures by holding the bal- 
ance of power between the Republican and Democratic 
parties. The attempt to maintain this attitude of inde- 
pendence was not altogether successful, as many mem- 
bers deserted to unite themselves permanently with the 
political party of their individual preference. The 
Mugwumps proper still profess neutrality, and cluster 
chiefly about the banner of civil service reform upheld 
by George Wm. Curtis and Dorman B. Eaton of New 
York. 

234. Who are the Democratic leaders? 

Outside of congress ex-President Cleveland and ex- 
Secretary Bayard lead the better elements of their 
party. In the senate Messrs. Gibson of Louisiana and 
Blackburn of Kentucky are, perhaps, first in partisan 
debate, and Messrs. Mills, Carlisle, Scott, Randall and 
others represent it whh some ability in the house. 

235- What are the Labor and Prohibition parties.? 

Small political organizations, of significance only as 
they weaken the two principal ])arties. Both are grow- 
ing in strength rapidly, however, and threaten the su- 
premacy of the old parties in some states. 

236 In what respect is Mr. Blaine a leader of his 
party .? 

Mr. Blaine left the senate in March, 1 881, to become 
secretary of state. This office he resigned six months 
later and has since had no direct connection with the 
government until he was made secretary of state by 
President Harrison. He was an unsuccessful candidate 
for the presidency in 1884 — a fact which might have 
been fatal to his political influence. Yet in 1888, Mr. 
Blaine was one of the forem.ost leaders of his party, 
though claiming to have no further aspiration to presi- 
dential honors. His perennial hostility to southern 



90 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

Democrats, and his frequent denunciation of English 
influence in America, sustain if they did not create, his 
popularity. But his devotion to his friends, and aggres- 
sive censure of his enemies, together with his skill in 
taking the most radical stand on avowed party princi- 
ples, as in the late campaign on the tariff, seem to 
account more fully for his party and popular favor. 

237. Who is Senator Edmunds, and with what pub- 
lic measures is he identified ? 

George F. Edmunds is senator from' Vermont, and 
has long since been known in congress as the implacable 
foe to anything like jobbery. He is further identified 
with the measures that have been passed for the forcible 
extinction of Mormon polygamy, and with the retalia- 
tory legislation against Canada on the fisheries question. 

238. What is the fisheries question, and what the 
nature of Edmunds' legislation.? 

The fisheries in question lie off the coast of Nova 
Scotia and New Brunswick, and the (alleged) unfair 
and unneighborly treatment of our fishermen by the 
Canadian authorities, — the creation and enforcement of 
rules hostile to our fishing interests, and the arbitrary 
seizure of vessels for violating the same, — has for three 
or four years been a source of complaint by the United 
States to the government of Great Britain. Diplomatic 
negotiations having so far failed, retaliatory measures 
have been suggested by closing our ports to Canadian 
trade, but these extreme measures will probably not be 
immediately put in force. 

239. With what reform measures did President 
Cleveland become identified? v. viii, pp. 105, 210. 

With the proposed separation of the civil service from 
politics, making the mode of appointment non-partisan, 
and the tenure stable during good behavior. He has 
also been identified with proposed reforms in the tariff, 
designed to make the burden of taxation upon the 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 



91 



people less onerous. In carrying out a civil service re- 
form policy, Mr. Cleveland met with persistent opposi- 
tion, even from his own party. But though thus forced 
into inconsistency, he accomplished more than any pre- 
vious executive in the line of this needed improvement. 
240. Who is the chief enemv of civil service reform? 




GROVER CLEVELAND. 

The politician "who stands by his friends." This 
amiable character is very successful in modern poU- 
tics, completely overshadowing the man who stands by 
his principles and calls on his friends to stand by him. 



92 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

241. What of Mr. Cleveland's tariff reform policy? 
This, as outlined in his message for December, 1887, 

forced the question upon the people in the campaign of 
1888, and undoubtedly caused Mr. Cleveland's defeat 
for a second term, by arraying against him the wealthy 
manufacturing interest of the country. 

242. What change has been made since 1884, in the 
attitude of the two principal parties toward the tariff.-* 

The Republicans have taken their stand boldly for 
the maintenance of the present high protection tariff, 
though in their platform for 1884 they promised its re- 
vision and reduction. The Democrats, on the other 
hand, were emboldened by the attitude taken by Cleve- 
land, to declare positively for a reduction in tlie scale 
of protection, and upon this issue the presidential cam- 
paign was carried through. 

243. How does the Republican party stand on civil 
service reform.? v. viii, p. 221, v. ix, p. 46. 

The platform said, re- affirming its resolution of 1884 '- 
" The reform of the civil service, auspiciously begun 
under the RepubUcan administration, should be com- 
pleted by the further extension of the reform system al- 
ready established by law to all the grades of the service 
to which it is applicable. The spirit and purpose of the 
reform should be observed in all executive appointments, 
and all laws at variance with the object of existing re- 
form legislation should be repealed, to the end that the 
dangers to free institutions which lurk in the power of 
official patronage may be wisely and effectively avoided.'' 
And Mr. Harrison further said in his letter of accept- 
ance: ''All appointments under the civil service law 
should be absolutely free from partisan considerations 
and influence. In appointments to every grade and de- 
partment, fitness, and not party service, should be the 
essential and discriminating test, and fidelity and effi- 
ciency the only sure tenure of office. Only the interests 
of the public service should suggest removals from 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 93 

office." The intelligent citizen needs no more "discrim- 
inating test ''of the party's practice, than its own worthy- 
enunciation of principles. 

244. What was Mr. Cleveland's main argument for 
tariff reduction .? 

The existence of a large surplus in the treasury, prin- 
cipally derived from customs duties. During the war, 
when high taxes were accepted as a necessary evil, the 
tariff on imports was raised to a very high figure. Since 
the war, it has been twice revised, reduced by adding a 
number of articles to the free list, but the scale is still 
so high that its receipts are enormous, making the rev- 
enue of the government greatly exceed its expenditure. 

245. Why did Mr. Cleveland think the people at 
large had any concern in this matter ? 

He argued that if this excess of money were not 
hoarded in the treasury it would find its way into the 
regular channels of trade and thus benefit the whole 
country. Moreover, he claimed it to be a foundation 
principle of political economy that " unnecessary taxa- 
tion is unjust taxation.'' 

246. How did the Republican party reply to this.? 
By claiming (1), that the existence of a surplus was 

no injury to the country, and (2), if it were necessary 
to reduce it, this could be done by appropriating it in 
various ways to the uses of the people, and (3), that 
the prosperity and growth of the country were directly 
owing to the protective tariff and that to abolish it would 
be to invite financial ruin and disaster. 

247. Did Mr. Cleveland's plan of tariff reform advo- 
cate the total abolition of the tariff } 

By no means ; what he urged was the reduction of 
customs duties so that the revenue of the government 
would not be so much in excess of its necessary ex- 
penditure. This is, in fact, the " tariff for revenue only " 
which has been for many years advocated not only by 



94 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

the principal leaders of the Democratic party, but by- 
men of prominence in the other party also, A tariff re- 
form that shall lead to free trade, was declared by Mr. 
Garfield, ten years ago, to be the proper end of all efforts 
to amend our tariff system. 

248. What have the platforms had to say on the sub- 
ject ? 

Ever since 1872, the platforms of both parties have 
made distinct reference to the tariff question, and 
both have advocated its reduction, but on different lines. 
The Democratic party has demanded a " tariff for rev- 
enue only ;" while the Republican party has declared 
that reduction must only be made "by such methods 
as will relieve the tax-payer without injuring the labor- 
ers or the great productive interests of the country." 
[see platform 1884]. 

249. What was the tariff plank of the Republican 
platform of 1888.? 

*' The Republican party would effect all needed reduc- 
tion of the national revenue by repealing the taxes upon 
tobacco, which are an annoyance and burden to 
agriculture, and the tax upon spirits used in the arts 
and for mechanical purposes, and by such revision of 
the tariff laws as will tend to check imports of such 
articles as are produced by our people, the production 
of which gives employment to our labor, and release 
from import duties those articles of foreign production 
(except luxuries) the like of which cannot be produced 
at home. If there shall still remain a larger revenue 
than is requisite for the wants of the government, we 
favor the entire repeal of internal taxes rather than the 
surrender of any part of our protective system." 

250. What did the Democratic platform say? 

It reiterated previous demands for a lowering of the 
tariff, and endorsed Mr. Cleveland's protest against 
needless taxation. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. 95 

251. Who were the candidates in the presidential 
campaign of 1888? 

President Cleveland was renominated by the Demo- 
crats with Allen G. Thurman of Ohio as candidate for 
vice-president. The Republicans nominated Benjamin 
Harrison of Indiana and Levi P. Morton of New York. 

252. What was the issue of the campaign? 

The election of the Republican candidate by a ma- 
jority of 65 votes, exclusive of West Virginia, in the 
electoral college. Mr. Cleveland, however leceived a 
plurality of 92,266 on the popular vote. 

253. What means and methods were used to bring 
about this peculiar result ? 

Many, no doubt, by both parties that will fiot bear 
investigation. Two things seem to have been shown 
by the result, first, that a very large proportion of the 
people are not ready for tariff reform, greatly as it may 
be needed in the interest of economical administration, 
and second, that an even more imperative need exists 
in the interest of popular honesty, for reform in our 
election system. 

254. Is national legislation required for a reform 
in our election sys*:ems ? 

The regulation of the suffrage is understood to be 
reserved to the states by the constitution, and state 
legislation is certainly necessary to carry out constitu- 
tionally any plan of ballot reform. But in a case where 
concerted action is so essential to success, the national 
government may well lead the way by advising, if not 
commanding, reform measures. 

255. Is there ariy precedent for such federal action.^ 
Congress took the initiative in giving the ballot to the 

negro, and even insisted on its right to interfere when 
violence was used to keep him from the exercise of his 
newly-acquired right. The degradation of the ballot 
by bribery is an evil far more insidious than that by 



96 RULERS OF THE WORLD. 

violence, for that very reason far more dangerous to 
the state and to civil liberty. 

256. What is the first necessity in securing the hon- 
est conduct of elections? 

The securing of a secret ballot. Purchasers of voters 
never trust the man they buy, and when personal su- 
pervision of the polling is impossible, the trade of bri- 
bery rapidly falls into disuse. 

257. Has anything been done by congress or the 
states? V. viii, p? v. ix, p. 45. 

Resolution were introduced into congress in the ses- 
sion of 1888-89 calling for investigation into the char- 
ges of bribery in the late election, but no action was 
taken upon them. During the same time, however, 
measures for the reform of the ballot were introduced 
into twenty-four state legislatures, and up to June i ,1889, 
in nine states laws based on the Australian system of 
voting had been adopted. 

258. Describe this system, v. viii, p. 230. 

A single ballot is used, bearing the names of all can- 
didates of the various parties, for all offices. These are 
printed by the state, and the voter indicates his choice 
by a check or cross on the margin opposite the name. 
In voting the electors are admitted only a few at a time, 
and each receives a single ballot, which he is expected 
to take into a compartment and there mark it. H^ then 
presents it folded, for insertion in the ballot-box. Ab- 
solute secrecy is not only possible, but is compulsory 
under this plan. 

259. What is another method urged upon state 
legislature to prevent bribery? 

The accounting for all moneys used by candidates 
and campaign committees during the contest of an 
election. If this could be required by law and by 
public opinion, there is no doubt that it would have a 
most beneficial effect upon public morals. 



APPENDIX. 

Cabinets and Political Parties of Europe. 



In presenting to our readers an account of the rulers of the 
world as they stand June i, 18S9, we may add some facts con- 
cerning prominent men, who, from their position in a minis- 
terial body, or through their influence with a political party, 
exercise a certain degree of power in their respective countries. 
Some knowledge, even though slight, of the political record of 
these men and the causes of their prominence, will make clear 
to the reader many references to them in the despatches,which 
might otherwise be wholly misunderstood. 

A very brief outline of the present political parties in the 
chief European countries will also be given here, and of the 
issues which they represent. Foreign despatches and, to a 
certain extent, foreign correspondence also, are made up of 
bald statements of passing events, with very little of the ex- 
planation which is always so useful and often so very neces- 
sary to enable the reader to comprehend the significance of 
these occurrences. Political terms, also, which are familiar to 
us, are often used to translate those of another language, with 
a very imperfect rendering to us of the true meaning of the 
foreign word, it is not supposed that the brief explanatory 
matter here given will clear up for our readers all perplexities 
in the study of current history, but we are fully convinced 
that it will prove of great help in that regard. Moreover, it 
gives them in small space, and at slight cost, what could not 
otherwise be obtained except by a wide perusal of home and 
foreign periodical literature. Few persons have access to this 
literature, and very few, if they had it, could afford to give the 
necessary time to peruse it. 

Changes are constantly occurring in the administration of 
national government in all countries. In those governments 
where the ministry is subject to the caprice of the popular as- 
sembly, no cabinet officer has any fixity of tenure. Moreover, 
there is always a strong sentiment in every republic in favor of 
brief official terms. The president of Switzerland holds oflRce 
for one year only. In our own country the quadrennial elec- 
tion which, each fourth year, subjects the entire business of the 
country for several months, to an attack of partial paralysis, 
seems so fixed in popular favor, that there is little hope of any 
change. And in monarchical governments, the shortening of 



ii RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. 

official terms is regarded, speaking generally, as an indication 
of the progress and influence there of the republican idea. 

It is noteworthy, however, that the prominent men of any 
country are few, so that in the foundation of new ministries, 
the range of choice is seldom large. Ministers must be per- 
sons of acknowledged capacity to coir.mand the confidence of 
the popular assemblage. This supplementary mention, there- 
fore, may properly give some particular mention of the more 
able members of these bodies,and further brief account of some 
who, famed as party leaders, are always candidates for cabinet 
positions, in the event of a change in party supremacy. 

Most of the constitutional monarchies of Europe have re- 
sponsible ministries; that is, ministries whose continued influ- 
ence depends upon their working in unison with the dominant 
party in the popular assembly. When any measure brought 
forward by the ministry is overthrown by an adverse vote of 
the assembly, this overthrows the ministry a^so, its accepted 
duty being to resign, and permit its place to be filled by a body 
whose views are approved by the majority of the representa- 
tives of the people. This method is so unfamiliar to us that 
we hardly understand it, but experience has shown that the 
popular will may in this manner exercise a greater influence 
over legislation than through any other method that has yet 
been devised. The responsible ministry also exists in the 
European republics — France and Switzerland. Germany 
forms a substitute for a cabinet by the constitution of commit- 
tees chosen from her federal council. The tenure of office of 
the members of these committees is dependent upon the will 
of the chancellor, whose position resembles that of the premier 
in other countries. In theory, the chancellor is responsible to 
the chambers of parliament, but as he cannot be impeached, 
and as no one but the emperor can demand his resignation, 
the purely theoretic nature of this responsibility is apparent. 
In Russia, the council of ministers which performs to some; 
extent the duties of a cabinet, has no restraint except the will 
of the czar. 

Aus tria-Hungary» 

Each of the two countries united in the bi-partite state of 
Austria-Hungary has its separate parliament and ministry, 
but the common affairs of the empire are managed by an im- 
perial cabinet of three members, who at present are Count 
Kalnoky, minister of foreign affairs; Baron Bauer, minister of 
war, and M. de Kallay, minister of finance. Kalnoky is the 
most important figure in this group. Though lacking the as- 
tuteness of his great predecessor, Count Andrassy, Kalnoky 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. -Appendix. iii 

has shown himself to possess much diplomatic skill, both in 
the negotiations over the Bulgarian complications, and recent- 
ly, by effecting an alliance with Germany as a check to Rus- 
sian aggression in the Danubian states. The fact that Kal 
noky's peace policy is believed to be approved and seconded 
by Bismarck is a good guarantee for continued peace in Europe. 




COUNT KALNOKY. 

[Count Kalnoky is a native of Austria, was educated for military ser- 
vice and became an officer In. the army. In I860, when in his twenty- 
eiglitli year, he entered the diplomatic service, and for ten years was 
connected with the Austrian embassy in London. In 18'4 he went as 
minister to Copenhagen, wlience he was transfei'red, in 1880, as embas- 
sador to St. Petersburg, and in 1881 was recalled to take his present post 
as minister of foreign affairs in the imperial cabinet. 

Baron Bauer, who came to his office early in i88S, is one of 
the ablest generals in the Austrian army and a skillful organ- 



iv RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. 

izer. M. de Kallaj, the minister of finance for tlie empire, is a 
man of much ability, and would likelj succeed to the foreign 
office, should any contingency remove M. Kalnoky. 

The leader of the cabinet of Austria proper is Count Edward 
Taafe , the famous minister of the interior, who is descended 
from an Irish family and still holds a place in the Irish as well 
as the Austrian peerage. He entered the cabinet as minister 
of the interior in i867,wasgovernor of Tyrol from 1871 to 1880, 
being called in the latter year to the premiership. He has been 
an intimate friend of Emperor Frances Joseph from boyhood, 
and has been of great assistance to this ruler in the difficult task 
of conciliating and harmonizing the diverse elements that make 
up the empire.* The especial feature of Count Taafe's admin- 
irtration has been to give greater weight to the Slav nationali- 
ties, especially the Czechs and the Poles, in public affairs. He 
also favors the supremacy of the Clerical party. 

The associates of Count Taafe are Count vonWelserheimb, 
minister of national defense; Count Julius Falkenhayn, minis- 
ter ot agriculture -M. Dunejewskl, minister of finance; Count 
Frederick Schonborn, minister of justice, and Dr. von Sautsch, 
minister of education and public worship. Austria has a large 
fleet, but no minister of the navy naval affairs being assigned 
to a bureau of the war department, 

in Hungary', the principal figure of the cabinet, indeed of 
the whole kingdom, is Premier Tisza. This man, who has 
held his present position since 1S77 is one of the shrewdest 
politicians of the empire, if not of all Europe. His strong per- 
sonality quite overshadows his colleagues in the Hungarian 
cabinet, thovigh all are men of ability selected by himself. M. 
Tisza, ever since his first election to the imperial diet in 1861, 
has been looked to as the leader of the liberal party of Hungary. 
H*^ is an ardent patriot, and while nominally supporting the 
foreign policy of the crown has succeeded, in more than one 
instance, in shaping that poMcy to favor Hungarian interests. 
He is Kalnoky's strongest ''backer" in the struggle to over- 
throw Russian influence in the Balkan states Just now, how- 
ever, his popularity and leadership are put in serious peril by 
the strong popular opposition to his bill for the increase of 
the Hungarian army. 



* Austria-Hun <?ary includes eij?hteen provincial diets, and there are 
comprised in its inhabitants no less than nine different races and 
tongues. The diversitv of states of the empire is regarded, strangely 
enough, as contributing to the strength of the central government, 
rather than detracting from it. Each of the states feels its weakness 
alone and therefore clings to the imperial rule for protection from the 
others. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. v 

The political parties of Austria are influenced mainly by the 
composite nature of the empire,whose citizens comprise nearly 
a dozen wholly distinct nationalities. Among these the 
strongest race in numbers is the German— which includes 
those known to outside nations as Austrians and Bohemians. 
This race has a representation of over 200, in the 353 members 
of the lower house of the Austrian reichsrath, or congress. 
This large national element finds it very difficult, however, to 
command a majority, because 01 its own dissensions, it com- 
prises four distinct parties— the German-Austrian, the Ger- 
man, the German-Clerical and the Center The remaining 150 
members of the assembly are divided, not according to pollcv 
but into national groups, as the Czechs, 65 ; Poles, 50; Slavoni- 
ans, 10; Italians, io-Croatians,9, and Ruthenians, 6. With all 
this factional division, therefore, legislation is only possible by 
means of combinations, and this is the invariable mode of ob- 
taining a majority, the combination changing at times, though 
It usually has as its basis a union of the Czechs and Poles and 
minor nationalities. Two of the most prominent political 
leaders in the imperial assembly of Austria are Dr.Herbst,an 
ex-minister of justice, and brilliant orator, sixty-nine years of 
age, who heads the opposition or liberal party ; and Prince 
Liechtenstein, an army officer forty-seven years old who 
served with ability in both the Danish and the Prussian 'wars. 
The prince is usually reckoned as one of the leaders of the 
Clerical party, though his immediate following is that of the 
Moderates who are not fully allied to the policy of either partv. 
The Clerical party succeeds in holding a majority on all ques- 
tions of policy, usually by uniting with the Poles and Czechs 
and other minor parties. In 1887, there was a split in the Ger- 
man-Austrian party, a small faction taking the name of the 
Anti-Semitic party. The German-Clerical party, so called, is 
always Clerical first and German afterward, and is almost in- 
variably in opposition to German Liberals. Another) faction 
always opposed to the government is made up of the seven 
members that sit for the Tyrol, and there are also some twenty 
members usually known as the "Wilde," or savages who be- 
long to no party. 

Belgiiim, 

The present Belgian cabinet has been in power since the 
autumn of ^884 The premier, M. Bernaert, also the minister 
of finance, is a man of much ability in financial management, 
and a brilliant orator. Two other members of the cabinet may 
be said to have a continental reputation, M. Lejeune, minister 



vi RULERS OF THE WORLD —Appendix. 

of justice, one of the ablest lawyers in the country, and Prince 
de Chimay, minister of foreign affairs,who is one of the oldest 
and most distinguished diplomats of Europe. The other cab- 
inet members are all said to be faithful workers in their de- 
partments, but are not otherwise remarkable. The Clerical 
party having been in the ascendant since 1884, this body is, of 
course, made up of Catholics; but its members show a praise- 
worthy disposition to avoid mere factional politics, to favor 
moderate measures, and to act as far as they can for the good 
of the whole people. There are two principal parties in Bel- 
gium, the Clericals and the Liberals, and in addition, two minor 
groups, Protestants and Socialists, both of which usually vote 
with the Liberals, and always against the Clericals. The 
Clerical party is with the state church — the Catholic. At the 
present time the Catholics command ninety-seven votes m the 
popular house, against forty-one of the opposition. The last 
election to the chamber was in June, 1S88. The Belgian sen- 
ate is also overwhelmingly Catholic. One of the burning 
questions of Belgian politics just now is that of the extension 
of the sviffrage. There is a property qualification for voters 
required in Belgium, in accordance with which not more than 
one-thirteenth of the adult male population is granted the right 
of franchise. A bill for extending the suffrage has been urged 
repeatedly by tlie Liberal party, but M. Bernaert steadily re- 
fuses to introduce the measure, and as, according to precedent, 
no bill can be brought before the chamber of deputies except 
through the intervention of the cabinet, nothing can be done 
to forward the reform. The result of this unfortunate con- 
servatism on the part of the government, has been only to 
stimulate the socialistic propaganda, and to give occasion for 
riots and turbulence among working men. 

Denmarlt, 

The constitution of Denmark is as liberal as that of England, 
and yet for some fourteen yeais, this country has been the 
scene of a stubborn political conflict, caused by the refusal of 
the king to allow the majority in the popular assembly to con- 
trol the cabinet. In 1875, the present prime minister, M. Es- 
trup, was appointed and has remained in power ever since, in 
spite of repeated defeats in the folkething, and absolute refusal 
on the part of that body for four years, to vote any financial 
measure. In his "American Commonwealth" Mr. Brycesays, 
with reference to the aibitrary course of this minister: ' In 
Denmark constitutional government seems still to subsist in 
theory, though for a good many years it has been suspended 
in practice." The refusal to vote the budget, however, has not 



RULERS OF THE VVORLD.—Appendix. vii 

proved the effective checkmate in the case of the Danish gov- 
ernment, that it always was in England, since under the con- 
stitution of the former kingdom, the king is empowered to 
promulgate provisional financial laws whenever in his judg- 
ment an emergency requires it. In 1887, the king peremiptorily 
dissolved the parliament for its stubbornness. At the next 
election the ministerial party returned twenty members, the 
opposition, 182. As might be supposed there are but two 
parties in Denmark — the Ministerialists and the Anti-minis- 
terialists, and outside of Copenhagen, where court favor stim- 
ulates adherence to the king's favorites, the former party has 
a very small following. M. Estrup's war minister, Col. Bahn- 
son, has made himself famous by the construction, in defiance 
of repeated protests of the folkething, of an extended system of 
fortifications around Copenhagen. The folkething regards 
the fortification of the city as unnecessary and unwise, and has 
repeatedly refused to grant money for it. The work is carried 
on, however, under the king's provisional financial laws, and 
when the money is spent the folkething can only acquiesce. 

France, 

The especial weakness of the French government lies in the 
undue share of power given by the constitution to the popular 
assembly. It is this which renders French cabinets so unstable. 
Since the formation of the republic, the average duration of a 
cabinet has been less than three months. Of the present cab- 
inet* but brief mention need be made. The most remarkable 
thing in connection with it, is the unexpected decision which 
it has shown in dealing with Boulanger and the patriotic 
league.j" This will probably prolong the cabinet's existence. 

*The present French cabinet was formed Feb. 31, 1889. Its members 
were : M. Tirard, premier anOi^Tiinister of commerce ; M. Constans, 
minister of the interior ;M.Kouvier, of finance ; M.Thenevot, of justice ; 
M, Fallieres, of education ; M, Faye, of agriculture ; M.Yves Guyot, of 
public worlds ; M.de Freycinet, of war ; M. Spiiller, of foreign affairs ; 
Admiral Jaures, of marine. The last named member has since died 
and ^ Krantz has taken his place. 

tThe Patriotic League was an organization formed about 1878, by a 
young poet, M. Paul Deroulede, under the approval and inspiration o 
M. Gambetta. Its object was to keep alive the cherished idea of hatred 
against Germany ; and, to draw into its r? nks young men, it interested 
itself largely in the promotion of athletic exercises. After the death o 
Gambetta, his party— the Opportunists— did not uphold the league, and 
it became the special ally of the Eadicals. M. Boulanger was a member 
of the league, and when he came into prominence as a cabinet ofticer, 
the entire organization took him up as the possible "hero of the rev- 
enge . " This liberal advertising accounts for his rapid advance in pop- 
ular favor. "When the present ministry determined to prosecute the 
league, M. Boulanger immediately left the country. The ministry then 
contented itself with fining the other members for connection with a 
secret society in violation of a state law. 



viii RULERS OF THE WORLD.^Appendix. 

M. Tirard, its leader, is neither an orator nor a scholar but he 
certainly possesses much shrewdness. M. de Freycinet was 
continued from the last cabinet in charge of the war office, in 
which department his administration has been very able. M 
Rouvier, minister of finance, is an experienced cabinet officer, 
able both as a financier and a lawyer. Most of the other min 
isters have been in previous cabinets. One, however, new to 




M. Di: FREYCINET. 

[M. de Freycinet is about sixty- two years of age. He a leader of the 
Moderate Republicans or Opportunists ; lias been in many cabinets and 
twice premier. His last cabinet was overthrown in December, 1886.] 
the cabinet service is M. Yves Guyot, a brilliant and rising 
young Radical, who will probably in the future rank with the 
famous men of the republic. There are always in France a 
number of prominent men, past prime ministers, as it were, 



RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. ix 

and possible prime ministers when the next crisis comes. 
Among these we may mention M. Floquet, whose ministry 
was overthrown in February 1S89, and who is a good speaker 
in debate but who has shown but imperfect gifts of statesman- 
ship; and M. Goblet, who has held several cabinet positions, 
showing in all of them integrity and intelligence, though but 




CHARLES T FLOQUET. 

[M. Floquet was born in 1838. became a lawyer and editor of several 
newspapers. He was elected to the chamber of deputies In 1883, was 
premier from May, 1888, to March, 1889.] 

little political shrewdness. Also, a far more notable man, M. 
Jules Ferry, who was a candidate for president at the lastpres- 
idential election, and whose restoration to power, at any time, 
would surprise no one. M Ferry is unquestionably the ablest 
man in France today indeed he seems to be too able to be a 



X RULERS OF THE UORLD —Appendix. 

popular favorite. The popular idols of France, Gen. Boulan- 
ger and M. Clemenceau, are not of a kind to rouse our admi- 
ration for the French people. Gen. Boiilanger is a mere noisy 
adventurer,without ability or principle, patriotism or courage. 
M. Clemenceau is the leader of the Extreme Left— the Social- 
istic Radicals. The advancement of either of these would 
mean the triumph of the baser elements of society. 

There is, perhaps, nothing more difficult for the ordinary 




M. CLEMENCEAU. 

[M. Clemenceau was born in 1841. He is well known as a journalist, 
and was elected to the chamber of demitits in 1S71, where he has suice 
remained, sitting in the Extreme Left.] 

reader than to follow the intricacies of French politics. Polit- 
ical parties in France may be roughly divided into two groups 
—Republicans and Reactionaires. Each of these is divided 
into several smaller groups. The Reactionaires are united on 
the common ground of opposition to the republic, and they 



RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix, xi 

sit together in the assembly, forming the Right* or opposition, 
3'et in themselves they form the two parties of the Legitimists 
and Bonapartists. The Legitimists are those that favor the 
restoration of the royal family of the Bourbons, in the person 
of the Comte de Paris, to the throne of France. The Bona- 
partists desire to see the empire restored through one of the 
Bonapartes. The last general parliamentary election occurred 
in October, 1885; the deputies being elected for four years. 
The Right then returned 200 of the 568 deputies elected — they 
had but eighty-eight in the preceding assembly — but since that 
date their number has fallen, through bye-elections to fill seats 
falling vacant, to 180. The Republicans, although agreed on 
the cardinal points of their political creed, are split up into 
numerous factions, of which the most important are Conserva- 
tive-Republicans, Opportunists and Radicals. The Opportu- 
nists constitute the most numerous and influential of these 
divisions. This party was formed by Gambetta, and under 
his leadership gained great political importance. The name 
was given to the party as a term of reproach by their enemies, 
who declared that the members of the party had no fixed prin- 
ciples, but would defend any course that suited their opportu- 
nity. The party is still a strong one, numbering 150 in the 
assembly, thouofh its brilliancy and importance perished with 
Gambetta; M. Ferry is now looked upon as its leader. The 
Radical part/ — the Extreme Left — includes in its ranks a 
large proportion of the socialistic element, though there is still 
another faction, small in numbers but violent in speech, known 
as the Intransigeants or "Irreconcilables," who wish even the 
republic abolished in favor of a purely communistic form of 
government. The chi-ef of this party of the "Reds," as it is 
sometimes called, is M. Rochefort, a journalist and politician 
who has been a noted agitator ever since 1867, and abuses the 
republic as bitterly as he did the empire. The followers and 
admirers of Boulanger form still another division, styling 

*Perhaps no foreign terms are more confusing to the American read- 
er than the terms Right, Left, Center, etc., which are used so general- 
ly to describe political parties in the different countries of Europe. The 
terms arise simply from the custom of seating togetl*er the members of 
each political party in the assemblies, and the names Right and Left 
indicate merely their position with reference to the speaker of the house. 
From time immemorial the conservative factions have been grouped on 
the right of the speaker, the radicals on the left, while the moderates 
occupy the place between. The various shades of political opinion In 
the numerous factions are indicated by position, as Left Center, Right 
Center, Extreme Left, Extreme Right, and the like. By remembering 
this simple fact, that conservative opinion is indicated by the term 
Right and radical opinion by Left, much that is puzzling in the mention 
of foreign politics becomes clear. 



xii RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. 

themselves the National party. The following of this party 
is very small in the chamber, but there is no doubt that in the 
country at large it is very numerous. It has drawn within its 
influence, also, many of the Legitimists and Bonapartists, and 
strangely enough, a still larger number of those of altogether 
opposite political faith from the Communists. Their ground 
of union seems to have been an ardent dislike to the republic 
as now constituted,and a fatuous admiration for Gen. Boulang- 
er. When this hero, however, being arraigned for alleged con- 
spiracy ai^ainst the republic, preferred to exile himself rather 
than risk a trial, popular faith in him became somewhat shak- 
en. It remains, therefore, to be seen whether he can revive 
this again in sufficient degree to aid his ambitious schemes. A 
general election will be held in France in the fall of 1889, and 
its results will, no doubt, be of great importance. 

Germany, 

We have noted the fact that Germany has no cabinet that 
can be directly compared with those of other countries. The 
head and front of German executive government, however, 
Chancellor Bismarck, is nominally advised by a federal coun- 
cil, corresponding imperfectly to the senate in a parliament of 
two houses; and the heads of committees of this council, ap- 
pointed by Prince Bismarck, perform administrative functions 
similar to those of a cabinet, and are known as ministers of 
their several departments. Their is no ministry of war, the 
imperial army being under the supreme generalship of the 
emperor, and a minister of war in each of the German states 
supervising the organization of troops. 

Count Herbert von Bisinarck Schonhausen has been min- 
ister of foreign affairs, — a department previously kept under 
the supervision of the chancellor himself — since 1888. His 
advancement to this important and responsible position is 
probably due to the fact that he is the son of the all-powerful 
prince, and it is supposed that for the same reason, he will suc- 
ceed to the chancellorship in due time. But this is quite doubt- 
ful, as the young man has thus far given little evidence of 
having inherited his father's remarkable ability. 

The German minister of the interior is Herr von Botticher, 
who has held his place since 1880, and who is called "the right 
hand of Prince Bismarck," so ably does he carry out the 
chancellor's purposes. In the reichstag, or German parliament, 
he is understood to be the representative and spokesman of 
Bismarck. He has recently been very active in carrying 
through the legislation needed to put in force the chancellor's 
favorite scheme of "state socialism." He is a man of fifty-six 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. --Appendix. 



years of age, has much force and energy of character ,and may 
very likely be chosen by the emperor to succeed Bismarck 
when the inexorable law of nature calls even this '*man of iron" 
from the scene. 

The German secretary of the treasury is Baron von Malt- 
zahn,who was an officer of the army during the Franco-Prus- 




'^\^Mi..Jn.'L'!jL!L' 



HERBERT BISMARCK SCHONHAUSEN. 

[Herbert Bismarcli v as born in 1849. He is an officer in the Prussian 
army, has served ten years in the diplomatic service and sits in the 
reiclistag for Schleisvvig-Holstein.] 

sian war and has ever since been a member of the reichstag, 
where he was for a. long time chairman of the budget com- 
mittee. The baron is thoroughly versed in finance, is indefati- 
gable in his attention to his duties, and is in all respects one of 
the most worthy specimens of the able government officer to 



xiv RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. 

be found either in Europe or America. And of the other ad- 
ministrative officers of Germany, Baron von der Goltz, min- 
ister of the navy; Herr von Oehlschlager, minister of justice, 
and Dr. von Stephan, minister of post-roads and post-offices, 
nothing but good can be said. Tliey are all men of ability, up- 
right and efficient. 

Party feeling runs high in Germany, and in the reichstag 
there are no less than ten groups representing as many pollti- 




LUDWIG WINDTHORST. 

[Herr Windthorst is about seventy-seven years of age. He was a 
member of the diet of Hanover from 1849 to 1866, when Hanover was 
conquered by Prussia.] 

cal parties. The strongest of these is now the Center, or Cleri- 
cal party, otherwise known as the Ultramontanes. This party 
is under the leadership of Dr. Ludwig Windthorst, and is the 
most compact and obedient party organization in the reichstag. 
It is usually more or less openly in opposition to the chancel- 
lor, and carries its points by bargains with him. Its especial 
aim at this time is to secure the repeal of the May laws,ordin- 



RULERS OF THE WORLD,— Appendix. xv 

ances restricting the power of the church, which were passed 
in 1873.* 

Next in strength to the Clericals is the National Liberal 
party, whose present leader is Herr von Bennigsen. This 
party has had much influence in recent German history, and 
really has a very large popular following, but its power has 
fluctuated with circumstances. Before 1879 the National Lib- 
erals, under the leadership of Herr Lasker, formed the largest 
and most powerful party in the house. In 1879 the party split 
on the question of protection ; the more conservative section, 
under Von Bennigsen, keeping the old name; and the others, 
under Lasker, taking the name of Liberal Unionists. The 
National Liberals are now supported by the ministry. After 
Lasker's death, in 1883, the Liberal Unionists fused with the 
party then known as the Progressivists, and took the name of 
the German Liberal party. This is now the strongest force 
of Liberal opposition, and is led by Eugene Richter, Prof.Vir- 
chow and others. 

The Conservative party comes next to that of the National 
Liberals in point of numerical strength, commanding seventy- 
five votes in the assembly. This may be called the nucleus of 
the ministerial party, as it is through it that government 
measures are introduced and urged. It principal leaders are 
Count von Moltke, formerly commander of the imperial army, 
and Herr von Puttkamer. In close relation to these stand the 
Imperialists, whose name fairly indicates their leaning. Though 
not at one with the Conservatives on all points, they vote with 
them on all occasions. Their leader is Count Herbert von 
Bismarck. These two factions constitute what is known as 
the Ministerial party, always standing and acting for the gov- 
ernment. In opposition, following the German Liberals, are 
the Social Democrats,who are divided in the present assembly 
into the two factions — Protesters and Socialists. The remain- 
ing three groups, Poles, fifteen ; Guelphs, four, and Danes, one, 
are all parties of protest and vote with the Center as Catholics, 
but the reason for their existence is primarily opposition to 
the empire. 



*The May laws were passed in May, 1873 ; they were directed especial- 
ly against the influence ot the Roman Catholic church in politics. These 
laws forbade ecclesiastical punishments to convey any civil penalty, 
ordered that priests should be educated in the public universities and 
established a royal court to settle ail ecclesiastical questions. In 1874 
the scope of these laws was enlarged by bringing church appointments 
under regulations of state, and authorizing the state to punish priest or 
bishop, who persisted in carrying on his office after the civil authorities 
had forbidden him. Still another law added to this group in 1875 made 
civil marriag'^ obligatory and authorized tlie marriage of priests. In 
1886 these laws were partially revoked. 



xvi RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. 

The present reichstag was elected in February, 1887, follow- 
ing the dissolution of the previous assembly consequent on the 
struggle over the septenate bill.* An adverse majority cannot 
displace Chancellor Bismarck, but it can refuse to pass his bills, 
and in such a case he can do nothing but appeal to the people 
by dissolving the reichstag and ordering a new election. This 
appeal he took when, in January, 18S7, his military bill was de- 
feated, and the result was victory for his purpose, the bill for 
the military septenate bill being passed March 11, 1887, by a 
majority of 227 to 31. 

Great Britain* 

On the formation of the present British cabinet in 1886, few 
persons, probably, would have predicted for it a long lease of 
life. It has, however, manifested unexpected skill in dealing 
with some of the most difficult questions thrust upon it, and its 
success along some lines of its policy has given it a strong hold 
upon popular respect. The conversion of the entire public 
debt, and the new local government bill for London and the 
counties, are measures that would reflect credit upon any ad- 
ministration. It has also, by an inflexible enforcement of the 
coercion act, held its ground in Ireland, and there are certainly 
signs of improvement in that country. This improvement, 
however is probably due rather to better crops, and to the en- 
couragement afforded by the land purchase act, than to the 
stringent enforcement of law. And it must be admitted that 
nothing has yet be done toward reconciling the leaders of the 
Irish Home Rule party with the imperial government, and 
that the alienation and antagonism of the rank and file of that 
party toward the government, continues unabated. Also the 
apparent implication of the ministry in the attack of the Lon- 
don Jijues upon Parnell served to discredit it, but the possible 
dissolution looked for did not come at the culmination of party 
fervor over that event, and a prolongation of the power of the 
present cabinet is now regarded as quite probable. 

After Mr. Goschen, whose connection with the cabinet is in- 
valuable, both because of his skill as a financier and his mflu- 
ence in the Liberal Unionist faction, Lord Salisbury's most 
useful coadjutor is probably Lord Ashbourne, whose land pur- 
chase scheme has accomplished much in the face of extraordi- 



*The septenate bill fixed the army laws, appropriations, etc., for a 
term of seven years, thus taking ttie matters out of the control of the 
reichstag during that term. Similar bills were passf d in 1874 and 1881. 
An increase in the army was proposed, but little opposition was made 
to this, the objection being to length of time for the appropriations. 
The reichstag wished to limit the bill to three years. 



RULERS OF THE IV OR ED. -Appendix. xvil 

nary difficulties, toward lessening agrarian troubles in Ireland.^ 
Arthur Balfour, the chief secretary for Ireland, has incurred 
much obloquj, by rigid enforcement of the crimes act, and yet 
this young man has astonished both parties so greatly by the 
decision of character shown in his administration of affairs, 




ARTHUR BALFOUR. 

[Arthur Balfour is about thirty-two years of age. In 1886 he was mad© 
secretary for Scotland and some montlis later was given a seat in the 
cabinet ; in March, 1887, he was transferred to the secretaryship for 
Ireland.] 



*Lord Ashbourne's act, which was adopted in 1885, authorizes the gov- 
ernment to loan money at W^ per cent to the tenant to enable him to 
buy his farm when the landlord is willing to sell at a fair price based on 
the rental. The government pays 3 per cent for this money, and the 
difference— 11-2 per cent— is credited to the tenant and goes toward the 
reduction of the principal, which it is calculated to extinguish in about 
forty-nine years. 



xviii RULERS OF THE WORLD.—Appendix. 

that both sides have accorded him no little respect. He is a 
nephew of Lord Salisbury, and, when appointed, was scoffed 
at as "a clever joung dinner-table statesman with a ladylike 
voice, languishing manner and small experience." Like many 
another newspaper estimate, this failed to gauge the young 
man's possibilities, and has since been modified. He has de- 
veloped also, so much vigor and incisiveness in debate that 




WILLIAM HENRY SMITH. 

[W. H. Smith was born in London in 1825. He entered tlie lionse of 
commons in 1868, defeating John Stuart Mill. He has lield the offices of 
financial secretary of the treasury, first lord of the admiralty and sec- 
retary of war.] 

upon the expected promotion of the present Tory leader In the 
commons, William H. Smith, to the peerage, Balfour will 
most probably succeed to the leadership of the party. Mr 
Smith holds the post of first lord of the treasury in the cabinet. 
He is intelligent and courteous, an able business man and held 
in high regard by all parties,'but his gifts are not those of a 
successful party leader. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. xix 

The other members of the cabinet who may receive a word 
of mention are Viscount Cranbrook, the lord president of the 
council, who is an able man with long official experience, and 
a fine speaker ; Edward Stanhope, the secretary of war,who has 
been in several cabinets since 1875, and whose skill in admin- 
istration fully fits him for his present position ; Lord George 
Hamilton, first lord of the admiralty (corresponding to secre- 
tary of the navj), who is the author of the scheme, recently 
adopted, for the remodeling and enlargement of the British 
navy; Sir Michael Hicks- Beach, the president of the board of 
trade, and Viscount Cross, secretary for India, both regarded 
as men of much ability and thorough fitness for the duties of 
their offices.* 

The present division of political parties in Great Britain as 
concerns the most vital point of difference — the Irish question 
— dates from 1886. But it is the nature of the English people 
not to split up into small factions, but to consolidate into tv/o 
great parties, one of which is always in favor of change,while 
the other prefers the let-alone policy. The Conservatives and 
Liberals of Great Britain correspond so nearly to the two fa- 
mous parties which preceded them, and whose existence can 
be traced under different names, through centuries of English 
history, — the Tories and the Whigs — that they are often 
called by the old names. The Tories first began to be called 
Conservatives about 1830, when the Whigs inaugurated their 
claim to be distinctively the reform party. The Conservative 
is pre-eminently the party of the aristocracy, always control- 
ling a majority in the house of lords, while the Liberal has 
preferred to claim to be the party of the people. The exten- 
sion of the suffrage in 1873 was the work of the Conservative 
party, but the recent more radical franchise laws are due to 
Liberals. The Conservatives have usually been the advocates 

*The British cabinet fulfills the functions of the ancient "privy coun- 
cil," selected to advise the sovereign and to aid him in enforeins the 
laws. As its acts are subject to the criticism of parliament, all the cab- 
inet members must have seats in either the upper or lower house. The 
member of the cabinet who is made by the sovereign the first lord of the 
treasury becomes, by virtue of that office, the chief of the ministry and 
usually selects his colleagues. (In the present cabinet Lord Salisbury 
took the unusual course in 1887, of placing another member In the office 
of first lord of the treasury, while he took that of secretary of state for 
foreign affairs.) Every cabinet includes the following officers : the first 
lord of the treasury, the lord chancellor, the lord president of the coun- 
cil, the chancellor of the exchequer and the five secretaries of state. A 
number of other administrative officers, varying from two to eight, are 
also chosen for their talents or experience to sit in the cabinet. From 
this it will be understood why in the hsts of cabinets of Great Britain as 
given by the press, the number of members and their official titles are 
seldom the same in any two ministries. 



XX RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. 

of an aggressive foreign policy, and the Liberals have been the 
peace party, though there has always been a faction known as 
"the old Whig- Liberals "forming a troublesome war element 
in the latter organization. On the Irish question, the differ- 
ence between the two parties was not, until recently, very wide. 
Both advocated the continued union of the parliament of Great 
Britain and Ireland, and both deprecated the agitation and 
crimes in that unhappy country. The Conservatives advocat- 




MARQUIS OF HARTINGTON. 

[Lord Hartingtou was born in 1'^'33. He entered the house of commons 
in 1857. He has been a lord of the admiralty and secretary of war. 
Under Gladstone h3 was postmaster genm-al and laier secretary for 
Heland.] 

ed severe laws to put an end to these,while the Liberals under 
Gladstone urged a policy of conciliation toward the agitators. 
The radical departure of Mr. Gladstone in bringing forward a 
bill to give Ireland a separate parliament, caused a split In the 
Liberals and the formation of another ^ arty called the Liberal 
Unionists. This party, in parliament, votes with the Conserv- 
atives, and the distinctively Irish party, the Parnellites or Irish 
Nationalists, vote with the Liberals. The leaders of the Lib- 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. --Appendix. xxi 

eral party under Gladstone are Sir William Vernon Harcourt, 
Lord Rosebery and John Morley. Among the Liberal 
Unionists, Lord Ilartington is a man of great influence; Lord 
Salisbury has more than once urged him to take a place in the 
cabinet, but he has declined, believing that he can best serve 
the interests of the country without taking oflice. Another 
character of some importance in politics is Lord Randolph 




LORD RANDOLPH CHURCHILL. 
Churchill, who as as a Tory brought himself into considerable 
prominence several years ago by his violent opposition to Mr. 
Gladstone, He essayed to form and lead a faction called the 
Young Conservatives, and thus became a political factor sup- 
posed to be of so much importance that Lord Salisbury, in his 
first cabinet, mad^ him chancellor of the exchequer. The 



xxii RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix, 

young man was believed to be altogether unfit for the place, 
and seemed to prove this when, a few months after the honor 
was conferred upon him, he resigned it, on the plea that he 
could not coincide with the policy of his colleagues. He 
seemed to have thought that the Conservatives would make a 
strong effort to regain his favor, but they failed to do so, and 
it became apparent that, in a desire to make a sensation, he 
had dealt a serious blow to his own political prospects. Since 
that time public interest in young Churchill's words and deeds 
has waned, and unless he can put himself at the head of some 
erratic faction — like the "Wilde" or Savages of the Austrian 
parliament — he may never gain his lost prestige. 

Oreece, 

The Greek cabinet is composed of seven ministers, at the 
head of which is M. Charilaos Tricoupis, who holds also the 
portfolios of finance and war. He is an able statesman, a good 
debater, and a man of great decision of character. Since the 
death of the famous Coumoundouros, there has been a con- 
stant fluctuation of parties, tlie Conserva'cives under Delyan- 
nis alternating in power with the Liberals under M. Tricoupis. 
Delyannis was at the head of the war party, in 18S5-86, when 
trouble with Turkey seemed imminent, and lavish and extra- 
vagant preparations for defense were made. When the inter- 
vention of the powers forced the government to give surety 
not to disturb the peace, the Delyannis ministry resigned. M. 
Tricoupis, succeeding, immediately began an investigation into 
financial conditions, and finding a deficit of 200,000,000 drach- 
mas, appealed to the nation to make efforts honestly to pay its 
debts, by a diminution of state expenditure and an increase 
in taxation. That his appeal was effective was shown by the 
result of the following general election, Jan. 20, 18S7, when a 
three-fourths majority for the government was returned. Since 
then M.Tricoupis has introduced many valuable reforms, most 
of which are apparently fully appreciated by the people as the 
ministry is steadily growing in popular favor. There are but 
two parties now known, the reform part}', which supports the 
government, and the anti-reform party, which opposes it. M. 
Delyannis leads the opposition, but under his feeble guidance 
it is not likely to regain power. The colleagues of Tricoupis 
have all been well chosen, apparently. The present minister 
of foreign affairs, M. Dragoiimis, is said to be fully versed in 
modern languages, and to be a diplomatist of much skill. M. 
Voulpiotis, the minister of justice, has recently laid before par- 
liament a bill providing for many needed reforms in the Greek 
judiciary. But the entire cabinet is swayed by the strong will 



RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. xxiii 

of the premier, and seems to exist only to carry out iiis pur- 
poses. 

Italy, 

The late ministry of Depretis had been in power twelve 
years, surviving eight or ten crises. Depretis died in July, 
1887, but the ministry underwent no serious change. As a 
matter of form, its resignation was tendered, but was with- 
drawn at the request of the king, Signor Crispi, the minister 
of foreign affairs, taking also the position of premier. Crispi 
was an old Garibaldian and Republican, and friend of France, 
but is now a devoted servant of the monarchy, and gives his 
most earnest thought to the object of securing for the kingdom 
the favor and alliance of European powers. 

In December, 1888, the enormous deficit produced by the 
military expenditures, compelled the resignation of Signor 
Magliani, the minister of finance, and a new department was 
created by dividing the duties oiE the exchequer. Thus the 
public debt and the general state expenses, were given to the 
minister of the treasury, and to the minister of finance was left 
the assessment and collection of taxes. The latter office was 
given to Signor Grimaldi, and the former to Signor Peruzzi, 
both members of the house of deputies. Grimaldi seems to be 
a man noted for little more than his extravagant opposition to 
France, and for fluency rather than force in debate. Peruzzi, 
however, is a skilled economist, and was brought up under the 
eye of the great Quintino Sella, who has been called the great- 
est financier of united Italy. His scheme for economic reform 
is highly praised. Admiral Brin, the minister of marine, is 
not only an eminent otBcer in the Italian navy, but also one of 
the leading naval architects of the world, and the finest iron- 
clads of the magnificent fleet of Italy were designed by him. 
The other members of the cabinet are all men who are not 
only credited with good capacity, but are believed to have 
special fitness for their work, as Gen. Viale, minister of war, 
who is an old and tried soldier; Prof. Boselli, minister of in- 
struction, who is a well known savant, and so on. 

The division of political parties in the Italian chamber is 
somewhat singular. The majority and the bulk of the minor- 
ity alike profess liberal principles, the one being known as the 
Ministerial Left and the other as the Opposition Left, or Pen- 
tarchists, the later being led by Signor Cairoli. Part of the 
opposition is made up of small groups of different views, in- 
cluding a party of advanced Republicans or Socialists, and a 
party of Moderates. There is little union in the opposition, 
and it is this which has enabled the ministry to hold power so 
long. Attempts that have been made at intervals to constitute 



xxiv RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. 

a great Liberal party have uniformly failed through personal 
rivalries. But even these petty politicians seem to be united 
on one point, the desire to uphold the present Savoy dynasty, 
which is rightly regarded as the one guarantee of Italian unity. 

Netherlands, 

The premier of Holland, Baron Mackay, is the descendent 
of a Scottish family which settled in the Netherlands toward 
the close of the seventeenth century. He has been in office 
only since 1888, and it is too soon to estimate his ability. He 
was a judge and a member of the house of deputies before his 
appointment to the cabinet. Ruys van Beerenbroeck,the min- 
ister of justice, was also on the bench. He is one of the leaders 
of the Catholic party. The members of the Netherlands cabi- 
net are most of them men of altogether mediocre talents, the 
only person of marked ability being the minister of colonies, 
L. W. C. Keuthenius,who is also specially fitted for his work 
by a thorough knowledge of the Indies. The political parties 
of the states-general, or popular assembly of Holland, are the 
Liberals and Anti-Liberals, the party of movement and the 
party of inertia. The latter, being united rather in conservative 
bias than on any special opinion or policy, unites such opposite 
religious elements as the Catholics and the Orthodox Protest- 
ants. In the upper house the Liberals are in a majority, but 
the lower house has forty-five Liberals and fifty-five Anti-Lib- 
erals. The constitution of Holland was revised in 1887 and 
the first general election under the amended law took place 
early in 1888. The Liberal majority in the previous chamber 
was overthrown in this election, and the present ministry was 
formed. 

Portugal. 

The head of the Portuguese cabinet, Senor de Castro, is one 
of the veteran statesmen of Portugal. He is an upright man 
and a distinguished orator and the leader of the Progressist 
party. The minister of finance, Senor Carvalho, is regarded 
as a man of fine talents, and one of the best debaters in the 
Portuguese parliament. Senor Beirao, minister of ju«;tice, is 
a learned lawyer, and Gen. Jose de Castro, minister of war, 
was recently a professor in the royal military school, Senor 
Navarro , minister of public works, and Senor Carvalho of the 
finance department,were alike famous a few years ago, as edit- 
ors of newspapers violently opposed to the king and the gov- 
ernment. They are now, ho wever,warm supporters of royalty ; 
such are the blandishments of proffered office in all countries' 
The Portuguese minister of foreign affairs is Barros (jomes.a 
man of education and ability, who, were his government of 



RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. xxv 

more importance, would be a significant factor in European 
diplomacy. He is the object of much condemnation on the 
part of the opposition because of the leaning he is believed to 
have tow^ard Germany and against France. 

This ministry, which came into power in 1886, has been in 
most particulars, moderate, and has improved the national 
finances. It is conservative in character, upholding the state 
Ireligion. Portugal has the two parties of conservatism and 
liberalism, but the movement of affairs in the kingdom has so 
ittle effect on Europe as a whole,that the actions of the Portu- 
guese parliament have scarce a mention in the despatches. The 
colonization schemes of the Portuguese arouse more interest 
than its home politics, for the nation has always been advent- 
urous, and its hardy explorers threaten collision wiih the great 
colonizer of the world — Great Britain — in more than one lo- 
cality of Africa. 

Rouniania, 

The turbulent condition of politics in this kingdom, has made 
its government a matter of no small difficulty, though its ruler, 
Charles I, is a statesman of considerable ability. At present 
writing, a Conservative ministry has just been appointed but 
its lease of power is of doubtful length. The present chamber 
of deputies was elected in October, 1888, the previous one hav- 
ing been dissolved by the king, after an existence of five months. 
Up to the end of 1887, M. Bratiano,the hrad of the liberal party, 
who had held office for twelve years, had been all powerful, and 
the Conservative party had practically ceased to take part in 
legislation. In the election of February, 1888, however, the 
Conservatives, especially a branch of the party called Jani- 
mists, regained considerable power, and on the convening of 
the new assennbly the leader of the Young Conservatives, M. 
Rosetti, took the place of M. Bratiano as premier. As the as- 
sembly was so nearly divided that it could not agree on any 
line of policy, the king prorogued it. The second election of 
the year, in October, still further increased the Conservative 
majority, by the formation of a new faction calling themselves 
Independent Liberals,who supported in most cases the Con- 
servative ticket. The Liberal party proper, therefore, seems 
in a hopeless minority at this point, but a split in the minister- 
ial following may at any time throw the balance of power into 
their hands again. 

Russia. 

The administration of the Russian empire is entrusted to 
four great boards or coun^ii^/vhich include all legislative, ex- 
ecutive and judicial functions, secondary to the power of the 



XX vi RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. 

czar himself. These are the council of the empire, which 
superintends the action of the administration ; the directing 
senate,whose functions are partly deliberative and partly ex- 
ecutive; the holy synod, which has to do with the religious 
affairs of the empire; and the council of ministers. The last 
named body constitutes what is known as the Russian cabinet, 
having eleven members. 

In the recent death of Count Tolstoi, who had been minister 
of the interior since 18S2, and served the empire in various of- 
ficial positions for some thirty years, the Russian cabinet lost 
one of its ablest and most influential members. Tolstoi, as 
controller of the secret police, made his influence felt in the 
remotest corners of the great empire. How his successor will 
handle the great responsibilities of the oflice remains to be seen. 
M. de Giers, the foreign minister, though less influential than 
Tolstoi at home, has become better known abroad through his 
management of foreign affairs. His mission in diplomacy 
seems to be to conceal the aggressive designs of the czar from 
the watchful eyes of the other powers. Count Vannooski,the 
minister of war, was chief of staff of the imperial army during 
the Russo-Turkish war, and as a war minister is an undoubted 
success. The minister of marine, also, Admiral Tchikhatchoff, 
is said to understand thoroughly the art of ship-building, 
and the present eftic'ent condition of the Russian navy is, no 
doubt, largely due to him. M. Wychnegradsky, the minister 
of finance, was a professor in a school of technology and a 
director in bank and railroad companies, before he was called 
to take charge of the imperial finances ; M. Manasein, minister 
of justice, was a distinguished lawyer; the other members are 
not especially notable. 

Russia has no representative assembly to serve as a register 
and mouthpiece of current political opinion, and political part- 
ies as they are known in constitutional countries, cannot exist 
under her autocratic government. All expression of opinion 
in any way hostile to the czar or to existing institutions, is 
forbidden by strict laws. There are, therefore, but two parties 
in the empire, one composed of the bulk of the people who, 
absorbed in business projects and money getting, seeking pre- 
ferment for themselves and their relatives, or, in a lower grade, 
depending upon the favor of the rich and powerful for their 
daily bread, naturally wish to preserve the statu quo ; the other, 
a small faction comparatively, whose members, stung by the 
memory of cruelties felt or witnessed, tortured with the ever- 
present sense of injustice, can see no hope ofbetter things save 
through the destruction of all government and social law. The 
Nihilists, the foes of social order, have existed as a party, secret 



RlTLERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. xxvii 

in its plans but professedly ready for any atrocious acts, ever 
since 1868; but they have made very little headway with the 
people at large. Most men when confronted with a choice 
between despotism and anarchy will unhesitatingly choose the 
former. But the Nihilist party exists in Russia to show that 
a tyrannical government is always the fostering nurse of the 
revolutionary spirit. 

Servia, 

The two important events of the past year in Servia have 
been the preparation of a new constitution, much more liberal 
in its provisions than the previous one, and the abdication of 
King Milan immediately following. King Milan was not a 
very wise ruler, but as king he was a center of gravity, so to 
speak, around which warring political factions were compelled 
to move in distinct and coherent orbits. The removal of this 
center threatens chaos at least. The political parties of the 
national assembly are divided into three, Liberals or pro- Rus- 
sians; Radicals or pro- Austrians, and Progressists,who demand 
the independence of the kingdom, but who are supposed to 
Liberal party. The premier of the present cabinet, formed 
upon the abdication of the king, in March, 1889, is Colonel 
Grouich, also a Liberal, and a man who has served with 
credit in previous cabinets. When King Milan gave up the 
throne, by the decree of abdication he made M. Ristich, and 
Gens.Provich and Belimarkovic regents during tho minority 
of the young king, who is but thirteen years old. Tlte choice 
of M. Ristich as chief of regency seems to be a wise one, as 
popular confidence in him is unbounded. The ex king con- 
stituted himself commander of the army until his son's major- 
ity, but as he went away on a long journey immediately after 
his abdication, and as the regents have since passed an order 
forbidding him to return, it is probable that his importance as 
a factor in Servian affairs is over. There is another claimant 
to the Servian throne. Prince Karageorgevics, the heir of the 
rival dynasty, whose claim derives some importance from the 
fact that it is believed to be favored by Russia. 

Spain. 

The executive department of Spain is vested in a council of 
n.ne ministers. Senor Sagasta, the head of the cabinet, is the 
leader of the dynastic Liberal coalition,which entered oliice at 
the death of King Alfonso in 1885 He has since that time 
reconstructed his cabinet on four different occasions, the last 
time in December, 1888. Sagasta has had a varied political 



RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. xxviii 

career. He was a minister under Gen. Prim, the revolution- 
ary dictator of 1868, and held like office under Serrano, regent 
of Spain in 1869, under Armadeo, king in 1S70, and under Al- 
fonso XII till his death. His experience and skill in trimming 
from one shade of opinion to another seems rather to have 
strengthened popular confidence in him than otherwise, and 
the queen regent regards him, as indeed he probably is, the 
mainstay of the throne. The war minister of the Spanish cab- 
inet. Gen. Chinchilla, is a Liberal who accepts the monarchy, 
but favors all wise constitutional reforms. The naval minister, 
Admiral Arias, is a moderate Liberal,and is now wresting with 
the project of a powerful naval fleet for Spain, whicli his pre- 
decessor. Gen. Beranger, began, but which there is not money 
enough in the treasury to finish. The deficit in the treasury- 
is the problem of the ininister of finance, Senor Gonzalez, who 
makesextravagant promises of reform, but it remains to be 
seen whether he can carry them out. Senor Gonzalez is a 
liberal in politics, but the active young minister of justice, 
Canalejas, is a Democrat. Senor Becerra, minister of the col- 
onies, is also a Democrat, a veteran leader of his party. The 
other ministers are Liberals. Senor Capdepon, minister of the 
interior, has shared the political vicissitudes of Sagasta for 
many years. He is a very able administrator, though too 
straightforward to be a successful politician. Marquis de Ar- 
mijo, minister of foreign affairs, is a diplomatist of some skill. 
Politically, the Spanish cortes is divided into two parties, the 
Ministerialists and the Opposition. Each of these divisions 
contains several groups, the opposition being made up of con- 
flicting factions, from Jladical Republicans to Conservatives 
of the most reactionary type. The group known as Conserva- 
tives is the largest and is led by Senor del Castillo, and com- 
prises in its ranks many of the ablest men in the cortes. Though 
opposed to the Sagasta ministry on political grounds, they are 
all warm supporters of the monarchy. The other groups are 
Radical Republicans, Democrats, Moderate Republicans or 
Possibilists (whose five members are headed by Senor Castel- 
ar). Liberal Reformers, Cuban Autonomists«and one Carlist. 
The Ministerialists are made up of Moderate Liberals, as the 
personal following of Sagasta calls itself, to which are added, 
when votes are needed, some Democrats who follow Senor 
Martos,the late speaker of the cortes, twenty Centralists, repre- 
senting the Conservative tendencies ot the party, and twenty 
Dissidents, led by Senor Gamazo. The lioerality of Sagasta's 
views is shown by his ability to command the following, and 
shape the policy, of these several differing factions. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD. -Appendix. xxix 

Sweden and Norway, 

The countries of Sweden and Norway are united under one 
king, but each country manages its home affairs as independ- 
ently as any state in our own country. The foreign affairs of the 
two divisions of the kingdom however, are managed by one 
minister, who holds the office of the Swedish secretary of state. 
The present incumbent of this ollice is Count Ehrensward, a 
man of about sixty-five years ot age, courteous and popular, 
who has been in the .-diplomatic service for many years. The 
present Swedish premier, Baron Biidt, was formerly an army 
officer and later a diplomat, filling the post of minister to Ger- 
many just previous to his appointment to his present position. 
He is about sixty-eight years of age, and is regarded as an 
able and sagacious statesman. Dr. P. A. Bergstrom, also, who 
is at the head of the department of ecclesiastical affairs, is a 
man of much ability. For the other two, Baron von Otter, a 
former naval officerjWho has been at the head of the navy de- 
partment for nine years, and M von Krusenstjerna, who has 
been minister of the interior since 18S3, may be supposed to be 
satisfactory officials from the fact that they have continued so 
long in their places. The Norwegian cabinet, or council of 
state, has ten members. Of these the most important is Johan 
Sverdrup, the present prime ministero He was, froin 1869 to 
1884, the leader of the parliamentary opposition in the famous 
struggle between Norway and the king. The Liberal party 
was then in the majority, but was arbitrarily kept out of power 
by the ministry acting with the king. A constitutional amend- 
ment, providing that the ministers should take part in, and be 
bound by, the proceedings of the storthing, was repeatedly 
passed by that body but as often vetoed by the king. As the 
storthing at last resolved that the sanction of the king was not 
necessary to a reform so greatly demanded in the interests of 
the people, the monarch dissolved the assembly. This was in 
1882. The next storthing elected had a still stronger Liberal 
majority, which impeached the ministry for having advised 
the king contrary to the interests of the realm. This case was 
contested for two years, and at last, in 1SS5, the ministry was 
dismissed, and a Liberal ministry was formed with Sverdrup 
at its head. This official has strengthened his hold on power 
by displacing a number of his Liberal colleagues and putting 
influential Conservatives in their places. The present leader 
of the Liberal party is Bjornsterne Bjornson,the novelist, and 
in the division of parties in the assembly the Conservatives 
now act with the Sverdrup ministry and the Liberals against 
it. The numerical division is thirty eight Liberals and fifty- 



XXX RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. 

four Conservatives, and twenty-two " Rabbits," the last being 
the name given to M. Sverdrup's personal following. 

In Sweden there are the two parties, the Liberal and Con- 
servative, and the former have been urging for several years, 
certain electoral reforms. But the Conservative party is large- 
ly in the majority, owing to the fact that the king, though he 
has but little sympathy with radical changes, is believed to be 
honest and well disposed toward his subjects, and furthermore, 
his high character as a man commands general respect and 
love. 

Switzerland, 

The Swiss bundesrath, or federal council, is the chief execu- 
tive authority of Switzerland. This consists of seven members, 
who are elected by the two houses of the Swiss parliament for 
the term of three years. The two chief officers of this council, 
who are also president and vice president of the republic, 
are chosen for their positions annually. These officers act as 
secretaries of the different administrative departments. The 
president of the confederation, this year,M. Bernard Hammer, 
is also secretary of the treasury. The vice president — who 
will next year be president— is M. Ruchonnet, who also has 
charge of the department of justice. M. Hammer belongs to 
the moderate party — Liberal Conservatives they call them- 
selves — and his advanced years and fine powers as an orator 
give him considerable influence in the assembly. M Ruch- 
onnet, on the other hand, is an advanced radical, if not a social- 
ist. He is a fine lawyer and brilliant speaker. But the most 
important member of the council just now is Numa Droz,who 
is minister of foreign affairs. He has been in the council for 
many yeai-s and was president in 1887. He once held very 
strong radical opinions, but he has become more moderate in 
recent years. He is an author of some note, and probably no 
man in the republic has more influence with the people than 
he. 

The political parties of the Swiss assembly are the Radicals 
and Liberal-Conservatives, with some intervening shades of 
opinion whose influence is more or less limited. Swiss politics 
have an importance just now quite out of proportion to the 
rank of the covmtry among European nations. This is owing 
to the fact that anarchists, nihilists, political renegades, etc., 
have been using the country as a rendezvous wherein they can 
conveniently devise conspiracies against the various monarchi- 
cal governments. This is considered a violation of the neu- 
trality treaties that Switzerland has entered into with other 
nations, and it has called forth much indignant protest. 



RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. 



Bulgaria, 

Prince Bismarck, in his speech of March, 1888, on the army 
bill, said: "Bulgaria, that bit of land between the Danube and 
the Balkans, is not of sufficient size to hurl Europe — from Mos- 
cow to the Pyrenees, from the German ocean to Palermo — into 
a war for its sake, the consequences of which no mortal man 




PRINCE FERDINAND. 

[Prince Ferdinand was born in Vienna, in 1861. He is a member of 
the house of Saxe-Coburg- (lotha, and first cousin on his mother's side to . 
the Count of Paris. Has served in the Austrian army, is an enthusiastic 
ornithologist and possesses one of the finest bird collections in Europe.] 
can foretell." Yet the political disturbances in Bulgaria, 
brought about by Russia's apparent determination to allow no 
influence but her own to sway the principality, have excited 



xxxii RULERS OF THE WORLD.— Appendix. 

much apprehension during the past few years. Prince Ferdi- 
nand, however, from whom no one expected much, has quite 
justified the determination of the powers not to interfere 
with him, but allow him to prove what power of his own he 
possessed. The head of the Bulgarian cabinet is M. Stambou- 
leff, a man of much ability, thoroughly devoted to Prince 
Ferdinand and opposed to Russian influence. 

The party divisions in the Bulgarian sobranye, or national 
assembly, may be generally described as Ministerialists and 
Opposition. This assembly was elected in October, 1887. It 
has about 300 members of whom 250 uphold the government. 
The chief leaders of this party are the premier, Dr. Strauskv 
and MM. Natchevitch and Stolloff, also members of the min- 
istry. The chief Opposition leaders are Karaveloff and Rad- 
oslavoff. M. ZankoiT, for several years the most active leader 
of the pro-Russian party, left Bulgaria in July, 1888, and went 
to live in St. Pet^sburg. In spite of the season, it is said he 
was literally "frozen out" by Karaveloff because he [Zankoff] 
opposed the alliance with Radoslavoff,and the Alexanderists. 
This small faction is so called because its object is to over- 
throw Prince Ferdinand and bring Prince Alexander back to 
Bulgaria. As Alexander was overthrown by Russian influ- 
ence, nothing but intense desire to thwart the government in 
even a small degree could have brought about this mott in- 
consistent alliance. 



Civil Government in Theory 
and Practice. 

Revised Edition, 

A comparative view of all " the poivers that 6e," giving 
their forms of executive administration^ their legislative 
machinery, and their political origin and history. 

Invaluakle as a Teacher's Hii. 

I&csmparable as a M Book. 

This little volume mav truly be said to fill a long felt want. It fills a 
place which no hook hitherto issued has ever attempted to fill, and 
supplies a need which every teacher of history, civil government or 
political science has recognized. It gives briefly a sketch of the origin, 
basis and object of governments, their various forms in different 
countries, and the causes of these variations, defines co-ordi<nate, 
supreme and subordinate powers in civil governments ; then, taking up 
the different countries of the world gives an outline of their political 
systems, their limitations of executive power, mode of legislative 
action, points of likeness and unlikeness, through the entire list of 
federations, unified states, despotisms, dependent and component 
states, and the state governments of the American Union and of the 
German Empire. 

Every high-school or college student should have this book. Every 
teacher must have it. Indispensable in class room and library. 

PRICE, 75 CENTS. 

Concerning this book. Prof. C. W. G. Hyde, of St. Cloud Normal 
School, Minn., writes : " In one respect it has the best plan of any 
book on the subject I have ever seen. It views the question broadly, 
showing how the notion of government is understood in all parts of 
the world, arid compares the ideas which obtain in the monarchies and 
republics of the world with those entertained by the framers of our 
own coistitution. One cannot grasp the principles underlying our 
own system without such a comparison." 

Sent with the School Herald for $1.20. 
Seliool Herald I^ul>. Co., 

185 ^WABASH AVE.. CHICAGO. 



NOTA BENE. 
WHAT THEY SAY OF OUR NEW BOOK. 

The press notices of our book are uniformly favorable. 
Among those first received are the following: 

A good elementary popular manual of Civil Government in 
Theory and Practice has been prepared by W. I. Chase on the 
comparative plan. It lays down the main features of the gov- 
ernments of all countries, and shows their variation from each 
other, and particularly from that of the United States as the 
standard of comparison. This comparative method is the 
proper way of studying the subject. Vastly more can be ac- 
complished under it in the way of an elementary, liberal, and 
really intelligent comprehension of the subject than by any 
other. It is a method which shows how the ends of govern, 
ment may be either reached or missed under almost any con 
ceivable "system, and what is required to secure liberty and 
good government. — N. T. Indepejident. 

The purpose of the author seems to have been to bring 
together a goodly amount of information about all the govern- 
ments of the earth, which he has done in convenient form. 
While it is hardly to be expected that the memory of the 
ordinary pupil can long remain charged with such a mass of 
facts, a good purpose is served in directing study to the subject. 
Many wlio would not think of going to the year-books and 
cyclopedias for tlie information thus laid before them will find 
the book useful as a reference, and to this end it will also 
doubtless be utilized by school-teachers. — Chicago Tribune. 

It is needless to say that information contained in this little 
volume is scattered through libraries or through pretentious 
volumes that a child never thinks of approaching. Here the 
information as to all the nations of the world is compressed in 
one volume, the story told in a simple direct style, and by one 
who having found the need of such information has had the 
wants of younger as well as mature people in mind. Too little 
attention'has been given in our schools to the subject of gov- 
ernment, possibly because no book such as this has been pre- 
pared in the way to meet the wants of the schools. Not one 
boy in twenty has any idea of the constitution of the United 
States, to say nothing of the constitutions of other countries^^ 
and so far as government is concerned he is only a bundle of 
impulses, prejudices, and contradictions. Here in one volume 
are the facts of the case. — Chicago Inter-Ocean. 

The forms and peculiarities of the governments of th* 
various civiU'zed countries are given in a brief, clear and com- 



NOTA BENE. 

prehensive manner. For example, the complicated form of 
government of Austro-Hungary is set fortli with perfect plain- 
ness—and the simpler forms with equal clearness. This it will 
be perceived is valuable to all who take an interest in the gen- 
eral affairs of the world, enabling them better to understand 
leading events as they occur. — Interior. 

He who would become familiar wuth all " the powers that 
be," their origin and history, their chief points of likeness and 
unlikeness to the government of the United States, should 
secure and study a copy of this book. Here these points are 
presented in a complete yet most concise way. No one is 
better fitted for the task of compiling this information than 
Mr. Chase, as his editorial duties have led him along this line 
for several years. The work will certainly be v/ell received. — 
Norjnal Herald. 

It is a work that will be found of much interest to all 
thoughtful readers, and to all students and teachers of history 
it wnll prove a manual of the greatest possible value. — Toledo 
Blade. 

It is certain that the young citizen of our favored land can 
but feebly appreciate the excellent features of our own govern- 
ment, without the knowledge that will enable him to compare 
it with the governments of other countries, Wherefore, a 
book which remedies this deficiency should receive a warm 
welcome from all intelligent educators. — N. E. Journal of 
Education. 

It is an interesting and useful compilation, which, put in the 
hands of intelligent boys and girls who are studving civil gov- 
ernment, would interest them much, and give them niany 
valuable notions.— Wisconsin Journal of Education. 

The comparative method is unquestionably the best wav of 
studying the subject, and this little manual will be found"" ex. 
ceptionally convenient and valuable to iedichevs.—Peunsylvama 
School yournal. 

A work of great interest to teachers and students of history. 
— Michigan Moderator. 

It is a work that will be of use to manv, especiallv to teach- 
ers and students of history and civil' government— P/«Va 
Teacher. 

It contains many useful tacts.— Golden Rule, 



TEACHERS' AIDS 

Fitches **Artof Questioning,^' Paper. Price 15c. 

Fitch's ^*Art of Securing Attention.'' Paper. 
Price I 5 cents. 

Securing and Retaining Attention. By James L. 
Hughes. Cloth. Price 50 cents. 

Mistakes in Teaching. By James L. Hughes. American 
edition. "We advise every teacher to invest 50 cents in 
the purchase of this useful manual." — N. E. Journal of Edu- 
cation. Cloth, 135 pp. Price 50 cents. 

Boltwood's To2ncal Outlines of General History. 

By Henry L. Bolt wood, A. M., principal of the Evanston 
(111.) high school. Undoubtedly the best work of the kind 
published. Price, in flexible cloth, 75c. 

Pedagogical Ideals. Real, earnest, helpful talks on im- 
portant, perplexing duties of teachers; by the foremost edu- 
cators of the day. Every teacher should have a copy. 180 
pages. Price 75c. 

The School Room Guide, By E. V. Degrafif. Especially 
intended to assist public school teachers in the practical 
work of the school room. It is in every way a complete 
manual, invaluable and indispensable. Cloth, 449 pp. 12mo. 
Price, $1.50. 

Bafeinau^s Common School Decisions, Revised by 
W. L. Pillsbury, A. M. The "Common School Decisions " is 
a book of about 300 pages, bound in cloth. It contains the 
School Law of Illinois with extended comments tbereon, 
based upon the decisions of the State Department of Public 
Instruction and the courts of this and other states. Price 
$1.50. 

Chips from a Teacher's Workshop, Educational 
Topics of the Day. By L. R. Klemm, Ph.D. "His book is 
the first one we have ever seen that puts the young teachei' 
on the right track and keeps him there through all the de- 
partments of his work. It is throughout based upon com- 
mon sense. It teaches principles, but the principles are al- 
ways presented concretely in a form to be understood." — Bos- 
ton Herald. Price, in cloth, $ ! .35. 



Land we Live in, 

UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Fart 1, Questions and Answers on the early history of our 
country. Has been received with great favor. 64 pages. 16mo 
Price 10 cents. 

Part 2, Similar to Part 1, but covering a different period 
of history— that from the formation of the Union to the Com- 
promise of 1850. 64 pages. 16mo. Price 10 cents. 

Part 5, (now ready) brings the review of the United States 
history up to the present time. It contains a more explicit 
treatment of the course of events since 1850 than the school 
histories venture to give, but its statements will be found alto- 
gether trustworthy. Nothing of importance is slurred over. 
64 pages. 16mo. Price 15 cents. 

fi^'If you would fit yourself to perform the duties of a 
citizen, study the history of your country, and study it wisely, 
that you may know not merely the barren record of former 
events, but also the nature and origin of that which exists 
today. 

Prices for Use in Schools: 

No. 1. or No. 2. No. 3. 

10 copies - . $ .80 I 10 copies - - $1.25 

20 - - 1.50 I 20 - - . 2.25 

?Sn ■ - 3.00 150 " - - 4.50 

100" - . 5.00 I 100 " - - 8 50 

Set of Land we Live in, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, price 30 cents. 
10 sets - - $2.40 I 50 sets - - $8.50 

20 " - - - 4.50 I 100 " - - - 16.00 

SCHOOL HERALD PUBLISHING CO., 

185 Wabash Ave., Chicago. 



mpE IS TOO SHOHT 



l^ot to Take It as Easy as Possible. 

In trying to take it easy you will be greatly assisted by using 
some or all of the follo\\'ing: 

IVXE^I^ie^^ »01VO ».— By S. C. Hanson, a 
teacher of many years in the public schools and therefore famil- 
iar with the needs of the school-room, author of several musical 
publications, including Merry Melodies^ price 15c., of which 
over 1,000 copies per month were sold last year. Merry Songs 
contains all the elements of popularity of Merry Melodies and 
also the Novel Key, which introduces the subject of vocal music 
in a new way and experience has proven that by it the pupils' 
attention is always retained. Merry Songs contains nezu and 
sparkling music; not a piece is inserted to fill up. Every one is 
first class and may be used with profit. There are nearly 100 
pages of as sweet melodies as were ever written and will touch 
the heart of many a "bad boy" and stir him to manly actions. 
Price, 30C.; $3.00 per dozen. 

Rfl EflGlilSH GJ^RIVUVIAI^,— By Mrs. Haynie, Bx-Professor 
of Language in the Illinois Normal University. Mrs. Haynie is 
the only lady upon whom the faculty of the Illinois Normal 
School conferred the title of Professor. Her many students need 
no introduction to this work. It was written at their request and 
contains what has been taught by Mrs. Haynie for years with 
the greatest success. The author believes that "without a care- 
ful study of the laws of language there can be no superior 
attainment in that department." This book is of great value to 
any teacher, as it contains more important facts than the aver- 
age text book, a full treatise on Etymology and a large number 
of ' ' Errors Corrected ' ' that will be of great practical value. 
Introductory price, 244 pages, cloth, 6oc. No free copies, but 
money refunded if book is returned or adopted. 

CATALOGUES.— My 60 page Catalogue is a necessity to 
every wide awake teacher, because I carry the largest stock of 
Method Books, Teachers'' Aids, School Singing Books, Reward 
and Report Cards, Blackboard Stencils and other Purely Pedag- 
ogical Prerequisites of any house in this country. Write me 
when in need of anything to assist you in your work. 

185 Uiabaski Ave., Chieago. 



Of Men YoTi Should Know. 

• 



Our Portrait Gallery is what its name implies. In contains 148 por- 
traits of prominent men of our time— men whose actions are among our 
daily topics of conversation. It is anonymous, as no names are ap- 
pended—only blanks, that the reader is expected to fill, if he can. As 
most people are more or less deficient in acquaintance with tl e features 
of public men, the Portrait Gallery forms a sort of puzzle, and as such 
proves a source of entertainment in the home or social circle. 

As to its Use in Schools, 

Our suggestion is this : We supply the Portrait Gallery at very low 
rates for school use, and the teacher or school officer can at little cost 
procure enough to place a copy in the hands of every pupil of the class 
selected, with the request that the blanks left below the portraits be 
filled as far as may be, and the book retiu-ned to the teacher for inspec- 
tion. Let it be understood that the scholars are to find out the facts for 
themselves, and especially are not to help each other, as the scheme is 
to be a test of individual knowledge and skill in procuring information. 
Parents and friends may of course be appealed to, but these can give 
but limited aid, and can only stimulate the intelligence of the pupil by 
suggestions as to mode of search. 

j^"A Key to the Portrait Gallery is of course issued, to aid the 
teacher in verifying the work of pupils, but this Key is not for sale 
separately, and will be sent only to the person sending the order for 
papers for school use. 

Since every pupil should have some acquaintance with the prominent 
men of our time— persons whose actions are or have been topics of 
public and private discussi(5n— we think that teachers who have the in- 
terest of their pupils at heart, will be glad to have something that they 
can use as at once a test of, and an incentive to, the study of current 
periodical literature. 

Prices for Use in Schools: 



10 


copies (with 1 Key) 


- $ .80 


20 


" 1 <' _ 


- 1.30 


30 


" 1 " 


1.70 


40 


It "1 " » 


- 2,00 



A. FLANAGAN, - Chicago. 



Quotatiops * apd . 3^'^^t ^ Stories 

FOR OPENING EXERCISES IN SCHOOLS. 



"Where can I get suitable selections to read as a part of niy 
openfiig exercises?" This question has been asked by many 
teachers. Attempts to answer it led to the preparation of this 
book. In it there are stories, acts and anecdotes that suggest 
only good on Trust, Honesty, Benevolence, Courage, 
Politeness, Regard for Aged, Promptness, Kindness, 
Obedience, Contentment, and True Worth. They are 
suitable for all grades, and may be used profitably as basis for 
informal talks with pupils, not at them. 

This book contains a sufficient number of selections, prose 
and poetry, to last One Year, without repeating any. It con- 
tains 256 pages, is printed on good paper, and neatly bound in 
cloth. 

Price, prepaid, • 90 cents. 



SKELETON COMPOSITIONS, 

Or, Outlines for Compositions. 

Over 100 outlines for composition work. These Outlines or 
schemes have been arranged to help pupils in getting at the 
salient points of any given article or subject. They embrace 
topics on almost every subject available for composition writing. 
Their use will induce all to write more fully on any topic. 

Price, - 20 cents. 

•<1A. FLANAGAN,^ 

CHICAGO. 



22 



PRIMARY NUMBER CARDS. 

250 cards, printed both sides, with numerals 
and sighs, each | inch square; in four colors, 
red, yellow, blue and green; 500 characters in 
all. Excellent for busy work. 
Price, 15 cents. 



:0^II^^ KZJB^J^^^OJNT'^ 



Sepb 



ei)c^ V ara^ 



vara 



FOR THE PRIMARY SCHOOL. 

FOR USE AT HOME. 

FOR THE KINDERGARTEN. 

Miss Kenyon's Sentence Cards are the only 
cards which can be arranged to form sentences; 
are so simple that beginners handle them 
readily, yet they are capable of such a variety 
of changes that pupils in their second year 
may use them with profit. A set consists of 
216 cards, each IJ inches square, in the six 
colors, six of each. Besides the thirty-six 
sentences formed in the regular way, the num- 
ber may be multiplied indefinitely by mixing 
the figures and colors. Both script and print 
are used. Pictures which accomjDany the 
cards may be substituted for the names of the 
objects mentioned, making the exercises still 
more interesting. 

Price, per set, 35 cents. 



A BIRD'S EYE VIEW OF 





t 



Most books on our national government are merely treatises on the 
federal constitution, which, though well enough in their way, do not give 
the student any adequate conception of tlie government as it is admin- 
istered under the constitution. In oin* book we have endeavored to 
supply what is lacking in this regard, and at the same time to introduce 
the reader to the chief officers in the legislative, executive and judicial 
departments of our federal government. 

The book contains an account of congress and its mode of working ; 
the various departments, divisions, bureaus and offices of the executive 
branch of the government, the duties assigned to each, and a proper con- 
sideration of the character and work of the federal judiciary. 

It shows what our national government is, how it works and what may 
be exi^ected of it. 

It presents portraits (with brief biographical sketches) of fifty-four of 
the most prominent men in the different branches of the federal service. 
It gives information that no other book pretends to give, and is worth 
many times its price simply as an introduction to the study of civics. 

Though set in comparatively small type (brevier) it contains 128 read- 
ing-matter pages, and is therefore a remarkably cheap book at the price 
set upon it. It is really a popular edition of a work that under ordinary 
conditions would sell for $1.50. 



Under date of March .31, 1888, Clarence M. Boutelt.e, principal of 
the Decorah (Iowa) public schools writes concerning "A Bird's Eye 
View of Our Federal Government :" "In it you have anticipated the 
needs of the more intelligent unti earnest of the pupils of our public 
schools, and have clearly and conciselv answered the questions they so 
naturally ask. The tacts they should know, the faces they should see, 
the workings of the great governmental machine in which they are so 
soon to have an intimate personal interest, all are here made clear and 
plain to them." 

160 pages, l6mo. ,• paper cover. Price 30 Cents. 

A. FLANAGAN, 

CHICAGO. 



lffV"wi<i 




DR. WINCHELL'S TEETHING SYRUP 

For Children, is a wonderfully efficient remedy for the vari- 
ous complaints and disorders to which all children are liable, 
and it should be in the house of every family in the land 
where there are children. It is not a medicine exclusively for 
teething, but it is a reliable remedy for the more general ail- 
ments of young children. It will at once relieve the child 
from wind or colic pains, and griping in the bowels ; it will 
soothe the child and quiet the agitated nervous system, in- 
vigorate the stomach, correct acidity, and regulate the bowels. 
It is a speedy remedy for coughs, colds, sore throat, sore 
mouth, etc., and is the very best, quickest and surest remedy 
ever found for diarrhoea, dysentery and cholera infantum or 
summer complaint. Dr. Winchell's Teething Syrup has never 
yet failed to give the mostlperfect satisfaction. Thousands of 
parents are using it all through the land, and all are pleased 
with its charming effect. 

The price of Dr. Winchell's Teething Syrup is only 25 cents 
per bottle. Ask your Druggist for it, and do not take any- 
thing in its place until you have given this Syrup a trial ; 
every bottle is warranted by the Diuggist to give perfect 
satisfaction. 

PEEPAKED BY THE 

Emmert Proprietary Co., Chicago, III., 

AND SOLD BY 

ALL DRUfililSTS AND DEALERS IN MEDICINE. 



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And simple faith than Norman blood. 
—Lady Clara Vcrede Vcre. 



G, G, N, BTROX 



lOO Cards, American or English, in a neat box, price prepaid, 50 cts. 
4^Liljeral Discount to Hie Trade, or in quantities. 

A. KI^ANAGAKJ, Cliicas:o» 



A History of 1888. 



Being the bound volume of the School Herald 
for that year. 

It contains the most direct, most intelligible and most com- 
pact account of the events of that year yet in the market, to say 
nothing of its conceded accuracy and its freedom from sectarian 
and partisan bias. Adequately indexed, it forms the most con- 
venient as well as the cheapest of annual cyclopedias, and by 
the ordinary student, in quest of facts and not dissertations, it 
will be fouud preferable to any annual compendium likely to be 
oflfered. Fully illustrated with maps and portraits. Every 
School Library should have a set of the bound volumes of the 
School Herald, as for reference on every point connected 
with the history of racen': years they are uasurpassed. 



SPECIAL OFFER 

To School and. I»nl>lic I^il>raries. 

We will supply volumes IV, V, VI, VII and VIII, for $5.00. 
Regular price of each volume |1.50. 

Volumes I and II, bound in similar style, can be had for 
75 cents each. 

SCHOOL HERALD PUBLISHING CO, 

185 Wabash avenue, Chicago, 



WANTED! 



SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS AND 
TEACHERS* who are energetic, to represent our 
association. We prefer those who have had experience 
in canvassing for books, or other kind of soliciting. We have 
over 100 Teachers, School Superintendents and Principals of 
Schools now engaged in selling memberships, and they average 
to earn over |100 per month, each, where they devote their 
whole time to this work. A few earn as high as $300 and $400 
per month. The business is much pleasanter than canvassing 
for books. Many teachers say they will never again enter the 
school work so long as we will give them employment. We 
give either salary or commission. Best of references required. 
We have many testimonials like the following : 

"I take pleasure in testifying to the merits of the National 
Library Association. I have had many dealings with the firm 
and have always found them just and honorable. Everything 
I have purchased of them has been equal to their represent- 
ations, and I have implicit confidence in their willingness and 
ability to do all they promise."— C. M. AENOLD, Late P res. of 
Kentucky Classical and Business College, North 3Iiddleton, Ky. 

"After an examination of the Catalogue and the gift books of 
the National Library Association of Chicago, I accord it my 
hearty approval."— GEO. W. RYLAND, Lieut.-Gov. Wisconsin. 

" The National Library Association dispenses with 'middle 
men 'and brings tho reading public nearer to publishers. I 
think the plan an excellent one."— J. W. AKERS, Supt, Public 
Instruction, Des lloines, Iow%. 

For particulars address, 

NATIONAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, 
103 State Street, Chicago, III. 



MORRISON'S 

Readings and Recitations 

FOR HOME AND SCHOOL USE. 



IN THREE PARTS: 

Primary, 20 pp. 

Intermediate, 28 pp. 

Higher Grades, 55 pp 

THIS BOOK IS JUST WHAT IS WANTED FOF 

ALL GRADES. 

Just the thing for Country Schools, as something can 
be found in it for pupils of all ages, and for all occasions. 
These selections have been compiled with care, and for 
the most part such as have never appeared in book form. 
While a few are original, all will be new to the majoiity 
of pupils and parents. Nothing of an objectionable char- 
acter can be found, and I believe all will welcome this 
new Speaker. 

Price, prepaid, 20c; 3 copies, 50c. 

A. FLANAGAN, Chicago. 



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